Changes in grain yields and soil organic carbon (SOC) from a 26 y dryland fertilization trial in Pingliang, Gansu, China, were recorded. Cumulative C inputs from straw and root and manure for fertilizer treatments were estimated. Mean wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yields for the 18 y ranged from 1.72 t ha -1 for the unfertilized plots (CK) to 4.65 t ha -1 for the plots that received manure (M) annually with inorganic N and P fertilizers (MNP). Corn ( Zea mays L.) yields for the 6 y averaged 2.43 and 5.35 t ha -1 in the same treatments. Yields declined with year except in the CK for wheat. Wheat yields for N only declined with time by 117.8 kg ha -1 y -1 that was the highest decrease among all treatments, and that for NP declined by 84.7 kg ha -1 y -1, similar to the declines of 77.4 kg ha -1 y -1 for the treatment receiving straw and N annually and P every second year (SNP). Likewise, the corn yields declined highly for all treatments, and the declined amounts ranged from 108 to 258 kg ha -1 y -1 which was much higher than in wheat. These declined yields were mostly linked to both gradual dry weather and nutrients depletion of the soil. The N only resulted in both P and K deficiency in the soil, and soil N and K negative balances in the NP and MNP were obvious. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the 0-20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments, in which SOC remained almost stable. In the MNP and M treatments, 24.7% and 24.0% of the amount of cumulative C input from organic sources remained in the soil as SOC, but 13.7% of the C input from straw and root in the SNP, suggesting manure is more effective in building soil C than straw. Across the 26 y cropping and fertilization, annual soil-C sequestration rates ranged from 0.014 t C ha -1 y -1 for the CK to 0.372 t C ha -1 y -1 for the MNP. We found a strong linear relationship ( R2=0.74, p=0.025) between SOC sequestration and cumulative C input, with C conversion-to-SOC rate of 16.9%, suggesting these dryland soils have not reached an upper limit of C sequestration.
