Conservation tillage practices are widely used to protect against soil erosion and soil C losses, whereas winter cover crops are used mainly to protect against N losses during autumn and winter. For the greenhouse gas balance of a cropping system the effect of reduced tillage and cover crops on N2O emissions may be more important than the effect on soil C. This study monitored emissions of N2O between September 2008 and May 2009 in three tillage treatments, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RI) and direct drilling (DD), all with (+CC) or without (-CC) fodder radish as a winter cover crop. Cover crop growth, soil mineral N dynamics, and other soil characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, soil concentrations of N2O were determined eight times during the monitoring period using permanently installed needles. There was little evidence for effects of the cover crop on soil mineral N. Following spring tillage and slurry application soil mineral N was dominated by the input from slurry. Nitrous oxide emissions during autumn, winter and early spring remained low, although higher emissions from +CC treatments were indicated after freezing events. Following spring tillage and slurry application by direct injection N2O emissions were stimulated in all tillage treatments, reaching 250-400 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) except in the CT + CC treatment, where emissions peaked at 900 mu g N M-2 h(-1). Accumulated emissions ranged from 1.6 to 3.9 kg N2O ha(-1). A strong positive interaction between cover crop and tillage was observed. Soil concentration profiles of N2O showed a significant accumulation of N2O in CT relative to RI and DD treatments after spring tillage and slurry application, and a positive interaction between slurry and cover crop residues. A comparison in early May of N2O emissions with flux estimates based on soil concentration profiles indicated that much of the N2O emitted was produced near the soil surface.
