The watermelon is cultivated mainly by small producers, in sandy soils under conventional tillage, with occurrence of high erosion taxes, since the crop doesn't form canopy capable to cover the soil entirely. Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.) was evaluated under different cultivation systems on an Ultisol in the Central Depression of RS, Brazil, in an experiment in the 2008/2009 growing season. On 48 m 2 plots in a randomized block design with four repetitions, the following cultivation systems were tested: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), NT chiseled with one chisel shank (NT1S), NT chiseled with two shanks (NT2S), NT chiseled with three shanks (NT3S), NT chiseled with four shanks (NT4S), NT chiseled with five shanks (NT5S); the distance between chisel shanks was 0.35 m. Data were analyzed by the Duncan test (p6 kg), the root surface area and root system distribution in the soil profile perpendicular to the sowing line were determined 30 and 60 d after sowing. Besides, some soil physical properties (soil density and resistance to penetration) were determined after the watermelon cycle. The yield was highest under CT (126 t ha -1), differing statistically from the other treatments. The total root area increased with intensity and area of soil mobilization, except in the NT4S treatment. In the CT treatment, no difference in depth was observed, but in the other treatments the 0-5 cm layer differed from the deeper layers. Resistance to penetration in the 0-10 cm layer was lower, which may be related to the higher root concentration in that layer.
