Production figures in 2008 showed that new private seed enterprises in Afghanistan produced and sold about 12,000 tons of certified wheat seed, which accounted for 95% of the total certified seed produced in the country. At a retail price of about US$1,200 per ton, the enterprises earned an average margin of 20%. When interviewed, the farmers ranked high yield as by far the most important characteristic they sought in improved varieties. Besides yield, the next important attributes were earliness, disease resistance, grain color, and bread making quality. Estimates of on-farm productivity showed that use of improved wheat varieties alone could contribute up to 33% incremental yield under irrigated conditions, whereas the use of quality seed could enhance yield further by 28%. These estimates were obtained under recommended fertilizer rates, in the absence of which yield levels would have declined substantially. Apart from wheat, other major crops the farmers grew varied by regions but in broad terms included rice, vegetables, maize, potato, cotton, barley, watermelon, and alfalfa.
