Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture is common in wheat-growing areas of the Loess Plateau of northwest China. This system is characterized by nearly 3-month summer fallow from wheat harvest at the end of June or early July to sowing in late September. It not only lowers the overall precipitation-use efficiency because of the large amount of evaporation from the bare soil surface during the fallow period but also entails high risk of erosion by summer rainstorms. There is a need to develop more effective cropping systems to replace the current production system. Seven alternative rotations, mainly using wheat, rapeseed, corn, potato, pearl millet, linseed, alfalfa and sweetclover, were established and their use of environmental resources, production performance, energy efficiency, soil fertility sustainability, and soil conservation effectiveness were compared with continuous wheat cropping. The rotations had greater potential use of environmental resources. Despite showing no clear advantage in grain yields, all rotations were significantly higher in total above-ground biomass production and more efficient in energy transformation compared with continuous wheat cropping. After a 3-year cycle, the rotations did not adversely affect soil bulk density but some rotations significantly increased soil water-stable aggregates compared with the initial measurement. For the rotations based on the inclusion of legumes, the availability of N was apparently improved but the total P was substantially reduced compared with the initial measurement and continuous wheat cropping. An assessment of soil conservation effectiveness with a weighted soil conservation effectiveness index (WSCEI) indicated that the rotations performed much better than continuous wheat cropping in conserving soil and water resources. This study also strongly recommend that it is feasible to cultivate winter wheat followed by a 3-month legume fallow crop in year I and then a summer crop cultivation in the next. This system provides a soil cover during both erosion-prone rainy periods while leaving the soil bare for about 7 months (October-April) every 2 years. Another alternative is to cultivate winter wheat followed by a 15-month legume crop cultivation in years I and 2 and then a summer crop in year 3. This system allows the soil to be covered during three rainy periods while leaving the soil bare for about 7 months every 3 years. As most of this 7-month period is winter with low rainfall (snow) and temperatures below 0degreesC, not only is soil evaporation very low but the risk of erosion is also low. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
