Mineral fertilizer application on crops is one of the reliable ways of increasing soil productivity, improving the yield, quality and soil fertility. The nitrogen and phosphorus long-term fertilizer application in the cambic chernozem, under non-irrigated condition at the A.R.D.S. Teleorman, Romania, caused plants and soil modifications. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) fertilizer application (in 28 years) with moderate amounts and balanced ratios resulted in a yield increase of 12-17 kg wheat/1 kg NP, 7-11 kg maize/1 kg NP, 4-6 kg sunflower/1 kg NP, the smallest increase was during the drought years. The use of coefficient depends on crop and climatic evolution. The best nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency was with wheat, followed by maize and sunflower. During the drought years, both elements use was reduced to half. It also had a positive influence on the crude protein content (4.08% for winter wheat and 3.76% for maize), on the other quality indices: technological flour indices, macro- and microelements. The P:Zn ratio of 57-100 also indicated a good ratio between the two elements which does not lead to occurrence of Zn deficiency. The values of N:S indicated some disorders in sulfur metabolism which can generate sulfur deficiency, especially in maize. The long-term fertilizer application (1977-2000) determined the improvement in soil fertility: maintenance of the humus content, the improvement of the mobile phosphorus content, of the saturation degree in alkali up to 83% and the reaction up to 5.9 pH, without mobile aluminium and Mn coming out. The absence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers during 24 years led to soil fertility, yield and yield quality reduction.
