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21.
Soil moisture distribution and root characters as influenced by deficit irrigation through drip system in cotton-maize cropping sequence.
Authors
:
Sampathkumar, T.
Pandian, B. J.
Mahimairaja, S.
Source:
Agricultural Water Management
Volume:
103
Year:
2012
Summary:
Field experiments were conducted during 2007-2009 to study the effect of deficit irrigation practices through drip irrigation system on soil moisture distribution and root growth in cotton-maize cropping sequence. Creation of soil moisture gradient is indispensable to explore the beneficial effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) irrigation and it could be possible only through ADI practice in paired row system of drip layout, that is commonly practiced in India. In the present study, PRD and deficit irrigation (DI) concepts (creation of soil moisture gradient) were implemented through alternate deficit irrigation (ADI) at two levels of irrigation using drip system. Experimental treatments comprised of six irrigation levels (full and deficit) through drip system with surface irrigation for comparison. Maize was sown after cotton under no till condition without disturbing the raised bed and drip layout. Roots confined to the shallow depth and recorded the lowest values for both the crops under conventional drip irrigation at 100% ETc. Among the deficit irrigation treatments, mild deficit irrigation produced longer lateral roots from both the sides of the plant. Contrary to rooting depth, severe water stress affected the lateral root spread and recorded lower values than other drip irrigation treatments. Soil moisture content (SMC) was low nearer to the plant (at 30 cm across the lateral) and far away (at 30 cm along the lateral) from the plant, irrespective of treatments. The reduction in SMC was increased at all locations as applied water level decreased. It is concluded that alternate watering imposed through ADI at 100% ETc produced longer lateral roots with higher values for root dry mass Alternate deficit irrigation (ADI) resulted uneven distribution of soil moisture content. Among the ADI treatments, ADI at 100% had less uneven distribution than ADI at 80% ETc.
22.
A comparison of poultry litter applied like organic fertilizer and that applied like chemical fertilizer in corn development.
Authors
:
Bortoluzzi, T.
Silva, C. A. T. da
Arieira, C. R. D.
Silva, T. R. B. da
Source:
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume:
7
Issue:
2
Year:
2012
Summary:
Poultry manure, applied like organic fertilizer on corn, has not been studied extensively; so, no one knows its effect on the genealogy of the soil. However, organic fertilizer does not cost much, it is easy to buy and it has less degree of environmental degradation as compared to chemical fertilizers. This study was conducted in the commercial fields of St. Helena/PR with corn, using the triple hybrid 2B688, established in 2008 with no-till farming for seven years in order to evaluate the effect of poultry manure on corn yield. The treatment used was chemical fertilizer having nitrogen in the formulation NPK with an addition of three doses of poultry manure (0, 3.5 and 7 t ha -1) and a witness; whereas the experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots and five replications. It was observed that the results were not significant for the number of rows per ear and grains per spike. Nevertheless, increased yield in corn was observed with 100% of poultry manure.
23.
No-till in northern, western and south-western Europe: a review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment.
Authors
:
Roger-Estrade, J.
Basch, G.
Moreno, F.
Soane, B. D.
Ball, B. C.
Arvidsson, J.
Source:
Soil & Tillage Research
Volume:
118
Year:
2012
Summary:
Recent literature on no-till is reviewed with particular emphasis on research on commercial uptake and environmental concerns in northern, western and south-western Europe. Increased interest in no-till, and minimum or reduced tillage, results from changes in the economic circumstances of crop production, the opportunity to increase the area of more profitable autumn-sown crops and increased concern about environmental damage associated with soil inversion by ploughing. Highly contrasting soil and climate types within and between these regions exert a strong influence on the success of no-till. While no-till may often result in crop yields which equal or exceed those obtained after ploughing, modest reductions in yield may be tolerated if production costs are lower than with ploughing. The relative costs of fuel and herbicides have changed appreciably in recent years making no-till more attractive commercially. While effective weed control is an essential aspect of no-till, current herbicide technology may not yet fully achieve this. In northern regions no-till usually allows earlier drilling of winter-sown crops but will give lower soil temperature and higher moisture content in spring, causing delayed drilling of spring-sown crops. No-till soils have greater bulk density and bearing capacity than ploughed soils with a pronounced vertical orientation of macroporosity allowing penetration of roots and water, especially in view of the increased population of deep-burrowing earthworms. Particular care must be taken with no-till to minimise soil damage at harvest and to ensure the even distribution of crop residues prior to drilling. Reduced erosion and runoff after adoption of no-till are widely observed and are of particular importance in southwestern Europe. No-till reduces losses of phosphorus in runoff and, in some cases, reduces the loss of nitrate through leaching. Emissions of greenhouse gases CO 2 and N 2O from no-till soils are highly variable and depend on complex interactions of soil properties. Emission of CO 2 from fuel during machinery usage is always appreciably reduced with no-till. Increased soil organic carbon in surface layers of no-till soils is widely found but may not be associated with increased carbon sequestration throughout the profile. The evaluation of the relative carbon balance for no-till and ploughing depends upon complex inter-relationships between soil and climate factors which are as yet poorly understood. Adoption of no-till could be encouraged by government financial assistance in recognition of environmental benefits, although future restrictions on the use of herbicides may be a deterrent. Opportunities for further research on no-till are outlined.
24.
Soil water balance with cover crops and conservation agriculture in a Mediterranean climate
Authors
:
Weeks, C.
Cordingley, N.
Flower, K. C.
Ward, P. R.
Micin, S. F.
Source:
Field Crops Research
Volume:
132
Year:
2012
Summary:
Modern conservation agriculture practices aim to maintain year-round ground cover in order to maximise soil protection from extremes of temperature and minimise erosion risk. However, in Mediterranean-style environments with hot dry summer periods, maintaining ground cover can be difficult, as these periods are generally too arid for plant growth. In this research, we investigated the use of cover crops, grown solely to increase ground cover and not harvested for grain or biomass, in a Mediterranean climate. Specifically, we examined the impact of cover crops and residue retention on evapotranspiration, both over the summer fallow period and during the winter and spring crop growth period, and on deep drainage from subsequent crops, on two contrasting soil types in south-western Australia. The impact of cover crops on weed populations and nitrogen dynamics is described in a companion paper. In contrast to previously published research, cover crops and residue retention were found to have limited impact on total evaporation during the summer and autumn period, although there were occasional short-term impacts on the rate of evaporation shortly after rainfall. There was also limited evidence of changes in evaporation during early crop growth. Drainage from crops grown after cover crops was not consistently different to drainage from crops grown after conventional crops. The inclusion of cover crops in farming systems in regions with a Mediterranean climate is unlikely to have major impacts on the water balance, but may still increase overall sustainability of the farming system.
25.
Soil microbial community analysis of between no-till and tillage in a controlled horticultural field.
Authors
:
Lee, Y.
Kwak, Y.
Lee, S.
Choi, K.
Seo, Y.
Kim, M.
Yang, S.
Source:
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Volume:
28
Issue:
4
Year:
2012
Summary:
The present study evaluated the changes of soil microbial communities that were subjected to no-till and compared the results to those subject to tillage for organic farming in a controlled horticultural field by fatty acid methyl ester. Fungi ( P<0.001), gram-positive bacteria ( P<0.001), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( P<0.01), and actinomycetes ( P<0.01) in the no-till soils were significantly larger than those in the tillage soils. The no-till in the subsoil had a significantly lower ratio of cy17:0 to 16:1omega7c compared to that of tillage, indicating that microbial stress decreased because the soils were not disturbed ( P<0.05). Fungi should be considered as a potential factor responsible for the obvious microbial community differentiation that was observed between the no-till and tillage areas in a controlled horticultural field.
26.
Anthracnose and gummy stem blight are reduced on watermelon grown on a no-till hairy vetch cover crop.
Authors
:
Everts, K. L.
Zhou, X. G.
Source:
Plant Disease
Volume:
96
Issue:
3
Year:
2012
Summary:
Multiple applications of fungicides are used to manage anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare and gummy stem blight caused by Didymella bryoniae, the two most common and destructive diseases on watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. To develop a sustainable, nonchemical management option, a split-plot experiment was conducted over 3 years to evaluate the effects of a no-till hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa) cover crop on disease severity, plant growth, and fruit yield compared with two conventional bedding systems and fungicide application. The main plots were bedding strategies consisting of bare ground, polyethylene covering, or a hairy vetch cover crop that was planted in the fall, killed the following spring, and left on the soil surface as an organic mulch. The subplots were a nonfungicide control or a weekly application of a standard fungicide program. Hairy vetch mulch provided greater than a 65% reduction in the area under the disease progress curves of anthracnose and gummy stem blight and greater than an 88% decrease in diseased fruit compared with bare ground or polyethylene mulch. The reductions were comparable with those achieved by fungicide applications. Watermelon vine lengths in plots with hairy vetch were similar to or greater than those in plots with polyethylene or bare ground that were treated with fungicides. Marketable fruit in plots with hairy vetch was higher compared with bare ground in 2 of 3 years and was similar to that in plots treated with fungicides in all 3 years. Addition of fungicide application to hairy vetch treatment further reduced anthracnose in 1 year and gummy stem blight in 2 years but did not significantly increase fruit yield in all 3 years. This is the first demonstration that a no-till hairy vetch production system can reduce anthracnose and gummy stem blight on watermelon and that the production system has the potential to mitigate damage caused by these diseases.
27.
Soil carbon sequestration during the establishment phase of Miscanthus * giganteus: a regional-scale study on commercial farms using 13C natural abundance.
Authors
:
Dauber, J.
Zimmermann, J.
Jones, M. B.
Source:
GCB Bioenergy
Volume:
4
Issue:
4
Year:
2012
Summary:
The use of biomass for energy production is considered a promising way to reduce net carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. However, land-use change to bioenergy crops can result in carbon emissions from soil and vegetation in amounts that could take decades to compensate. Perennial grasses such as Miscanthus offer a possible solution to this problem as measurements on experimental plots planted with Miscanthus have shown significant carbon sequestration in the soil. It can, however, be expected that sequestration potentials in commercial use might differ from those measured in experimental plots due to different farming practices and soil characteristics. For this study, Miscanthus plantations on 16 farms in SE Ireland as well as on-farm controls representing the former land-use (grassland and tillage) have been examined. The Miscanthus plantations were 2-3 years old. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and a number of soil properties were measured and the amount of Miscanthus-derived carbon was determined using the 13C natural abundance method. On both former tillage fields and grasslands, although there were no significant differences in SOC contents between Miscanthus and control sites, it was shown that 2-3 years after Miscanthus establishment, 1.821.69 and 2.171.73 Mg ha -1 of the SOC under former-tilled and former grassland respectively were Miscanthus-derived. Mixed-effects models were used to link the total SOC concentrations and Miscanthus-derived carbon to the land-use parameters as well as to soil properties. It was shown that on control sites, pH had an effect on total SOC. In the case of Miscanthus-derived carbon, the initial SOC content, pH, former land-use and crop age had significant effects.
28.
Soil organic phosphorus forms under different soil management systems and winter crops, in a long term experiment.
Authors
:
Calegari, A.
Santos, D.
Tiecher, T.
Source:
Soil & Tillage Research
Volume:
124
Year:
2012
Summary:
Organic phosphorus (P) is an important source of phosphate for plants both in natural environments and in cultivated soils. Growing plants with high P recycling capacity may increase the importance of organic forms in phosphate availability mainly in undisturbed soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long period of cultivation of different winter species under different soil management systems in the distribution of soil organic P forms, in the P content stored into the soil microbial biomass (SMB) and in the acid phosphatase enzyme activity. The experiment was established in 1986 with six winter treatments (blue lupine, hairy vetch, oat, radish, wheat and fallow) implanted in a Rhodic Hapludox in southern Brazil, under no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage system (CT). The crops were cultivated with rational use of chemical phosphate fertilizer, according to plant needs and soil type maintaining high levels of soil organic carbon leading to P organic form accumulation. Growing crops during the winter period in highly weathered subtropical soil increases the importance of microbial interactions in the P cycle, especially in the NT, where a large amount of crop residues is annually added to the soil surface, increasing soil organic P level, P content stored into the SMB and acid phosphatase enzyme activity.
29.
A new approach for the assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation: a case study of the Korba coastal aquifer (Tunisia, Africa).
Authors
:
Cherif, S.
El-Ayni, F.
Jrad, A.
Trabelsi-Ayadi, M.
Source:
Water Environment Research
Volume:
84
Issue:
8
Year:
2012
Summary:
Groundwater is the main source of water in Mediterranean, water-scarce, semiarid regions of Tunisia, Africa. In this study of the Korba coastal aquifer, 17 water wells were studied to assess their suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes. Assessment parameters include pH, salinity, specific ion toxicity, sodium adsorption ratio, nutrients, trace metals pollutants, and fecal indicators and pathogens. Results indicate that salinity of groundwater varied between 0.36 dS/m and 17.4 dS/m; in addition, its degree of restriction is defined as "none", "slight to moderate", and "severe" for 18, 23, and 59% of the studied wells, respectively. To control salts brought in by irrigation waters, the question arises as to how much water should be used to reach crop and soil requirements. To answer this question, a new approach that calculates the optimum amount of irrigation water considering the electrical conductivity of well water ( ECw), field crops, and the semiarid meteorological local conditions for evapotranspiration and rainfall is developed. This is applied to the authors' case study area; barley and lettuce were selected among the commonly grown crops because they are high- and low-salinity tolerant, respectively. Leaching requirements were found to be independent of the crop selected, and depend only on the season, that is, 250 to 260 mm/month in the driest season, with a minimum of 47 mm/month though all seasons. A high bacteriological contamination appears in almost all samples. However, if disinfected and corrected for pH, all the well waters can be used for animal farming (including livestock and poultry), although only 29% could be used for human consumption.
30.
Effects of green manure applications in the control of wilt disease ( Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and yield on organic cotton production.
Authors
:
Özbek, N.
Göre, M. E.
Erdoğan, O.
Source:
Bitki Koruma Bülteni
Volume:
52
Issue:
1
Year:
2012
Summary:
The effects of barley and common vetch on Verticillium wilt intensity were examined at Nazilli Cotton Reserach experiment fields during 2006-2007. Applications used in experiment were planted as barley, barley+common vetch, common vetch (traditional production), common vetch (growing at last irrigation) and control (conventional cotton production). After a four weeks residue decomposition period, seeds of Nazilli 84-S cotton variety were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The data for disease intensity were determined during the stage of 5-10%, 50-60% cotton boll opening and after harvest. Seed cotton yield and fiber quality properties were also determined. Disease intensity identified according to symptoms on leaf and cross section of stems was determined lower level in organic growing plots and it was followed by control growing plot. During experiments, green manure applications of barley and barley+common vetch provided with a larger decrease on disease intensity than control growing plot. This also shows that cotton growing increase disease intensity every year. In common vetch and control plots, average yield values were determined higher according to barley+common vetch and barley growing plots. Cotton fiber properties have not been affected by these treatments.