• Authors:
    • Bellinder, R.
    • Brainard, D.
    • Kumar, V.
  • Source: Hortscience
  • Volume: 44
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Hairy galinsoga [ Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake] has become a troublesome weed in vegetable crops. Field studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in central New York to determine the effects of: (1) spring-sown cover crops on hairy galinsoga growth and seed production during cover crop growth grown before subsequent short duration vegetable crops; and (2) cover crop residues on establishment of hairy galinsoga and four short-duration vegetable crops planted after cover crop incorporation. The cover crops [buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), brown mustard ( Brassica juncea L.), yellow mustard ( Sinapis alba L.), and oats ( Avena sativa L.)] were planted in May and incorporated in early July. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) and Swiss chard [ Beta vulgaris var. cicla (L.) K. Koch] were transplanted and pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were sown directly into freshly incorporated residues. Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg.ha -1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively. Cover crops alone reduced the dry weight (90% to 99%) and seed production of hairy galinsoga (98%) during the cover crop-growing season compared with weedy controls. In 2006, only yellow mustard residue suppressed hairy galinsoga emergence (53%). However, in 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga emergence (38% to 62%) and biomass production (25% to 60%) compared with bare soil, with yellow mustard providing the greatest suppression. Cover crop residues did not affect snap bean emergence, but reduced pea emergence 25% to 75%. All vegetable crops were suppressed by all cover crop residues with crops ranked as: pea > Swiss chard ≥ lettuce > snap bean in terms of sensitivity. The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively. Decomposition rate and nitrogen release of brown mustard and buckwheat residues was rapid; it was slow for oats and yellow mustard residues. Spring-sown cover crops can contribute to weed management by reducing seed production, emergence, and growth of hairy galinsoga in subsequent crops, but crop emergence and growth may be compromised. Yellow mustard and buckwheat sown before late-planted snap beans deserve further testing as part of an integrated strategy for managing weeds while building soil health.
  • Authors:
    • Kuszewska, K.
    • Korniak, T.
  • Source: Herba Polonica
  • Volume: 55
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The Avena genus covers nine species in Poland, including farmed common oat ( Avena sativa), wild oat ( A. fatua) - a dangerous spring cereal weed, and bristle (or black) oat ( A. strigosa Schreb.), a forgotten species. Bristle oat was a valuable component of common oat yield growing on the weakest soils, and it had a status of a crop plant in Poland and in many European countries till 1950s. Chemical analyses of bristle oat caryopses validated the high nutritive value of this species, which had been previously noted by the farmers of the Podhale region. On average, bristle oat contains 27-52% more protein, 14-27% more fat and 38-72% more sugars than common oat. It is good for human consumption in the form of flakes, flour and boiled grains. Bristle oat is witnessing a revival as a valuable farming species, and its crops are subsidized.
  • Authors:
    • Liatukas, Z.
    • Leistrumaite, A.
    • Razbadauskiene, K.
  • Source: Agronomy Research
  • Volume: 7
  • Issue: Special Issue
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Investigation on 12 spring barley and 7 oat genotypes under organic growing system during 2007-2008 revealed that mean yield of oats was 3.3 t ha -1, whereas barley yielded on average 2.3 t ha -1. Also, oats were found to be more resistant to leaf diseases. Oats were severely infected by leaf rust in 2007, but the disease did not correlate ( r=-0.17) with yield. The majority of barley genotypes were infected with powdery mildew in both years and with leaf spotting diseases in 2007. Leaf spotting diseases negatively influenced ( r=-0.53*) yield. Oats possessing higher vegetative growth rate, higher plant height, large and prostrate leaves, and larger stems were superior to barley by canopy traits during the growing season.
  • Authors:
    • Wang, X.
    • Yang, Y.
    • Wu, F.
    • Li, Q.
  • Source: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science
  • Volume: 59
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: We studied the effects of rotation and interplanting on soil bacterial communities and crop yields using cucumber as the main vegetable. Onion and garlic were used as interplanting species, and wheat, soybean, villose (more commonly, villous) vetch, clover, and alfalfa were used as rotation plants. T-RFLP techniques were used to show the effects of rotation and interplanting systems on diversity index and richness index of cucumber rhizosphere soil bacterial communities. The results showed that both rotation and interplanting systems increased the richness index and diversity index of soil bacterial community structures, except where alfalfa was used as the rotation plant. The diversity index of the cucumber rhizosphere bacterial community structure was highest in the wheat rotation cropping system, and the richness index of soil bacteria was highest in wheat and clover rotations and in the onion interplanting system. Our results show that rotation and interplanting systems beneficially altered community structures of dominant soil bacteria, and increased cucumber yield and soil bacterial diversity. The best cultivation system to increase cucumber yield utilized onion as an interplanting species and wheat as a rotation plant.
  • Authors:
    • Velykis, A.
    • Arlauskiene, A.
    • Maiksteniene, S.
    • Satkus, A.
  • Source: ZEMDIRBYSTE-AGRICULTURE
  • Volume: 96
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: A series of experiments was carried out during the period 1997-2004 to study the effects of crop rotations with a different proportion of winter and spring crops, various legume preceding crops and cover crops and their biomass use for green manure on weed infestation in cereals on a clay loam Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol ( CMg-p-w-can) under North Lithuania's conditions. Crop rotations with prevailing winter crops predetermined the reduction in perennial weeds in cereals. The occurrence of weeds in cereals was determined by the weed incidence in the preceding crops tested: red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) and vetch-oats ( Vicia sativa L., Avena sativa L.) mixture and by competitive ability of cereals. The biomass of clover and vetch-oat mixture incorporated as green manure tended to increase weed incidence in cereals. Undersowing of cover crops ( Trifolium pratense L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Dactylis glomerata L.) tended to reduce the weed emergence in cereals, compared to the crops without undersowing. Undersown red clover performed best at suppressing weeds during the cereal post-harvest period. Its positive effect persisted in the following year after incorporation of red clover biomass for green manure. The effect of post-harvest sown cover crops ( Raphanus sativus L., Sinapis alba L.) on weed incidence in cereals was lower compared to undersown crops.
  • Authors:
    • Kim, D.
    • Hong, Y.
    • Kim, J.
    • Park, K.
    • Seo, J.
    • Park, T.
    • Heo, H.
    • Park, H.
    • Ouk-Kyu, H.
  • Source: Korean Journal of Breeding Science
  • Volume: 41
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: A new naked oat cultivar Daeyang ( Avena sativa L.) was developed by Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. It was derived from a cross between 'FLX446-1-84-Q1' and 'SO92004-B-3-3-5-7'. The FLX446-1-84-Q1, a naked oat cultivar from USA, is early heading and has good seed quality, while the SO92004-B-3-3-5-7, a covered oat breeding line, has a high yield with large grain. Subsequent generations were handled in a bulk method and pedigree selection program, and the SO97013-B-16-4 was selected based on agronomic performance in 2001. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the yield trial tested at Suwon from 2002 to 2003, being designated as Gwiri51. The Gwiri51 was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup, and Jinju, from 2004 to 2007 and was designated as "Daeyang" and released. Its heading date was May 8 and maturing time was June 14 in a paddy field condition. The new cultivar Daeyang had 97 cm of culm length and 25.2 cm of spike length, 644 spikes per m 2, 65 grains per spike, 30.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 635 g of test weight. Daeyang showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar 'Sunyang', and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to percent content crude protein and beta-glucan. However, it showed higher husking rate than the check cultivar. Grain yield of Daeyang in the regional yield trial for 4 years were averaged 4.18 MT ha -1, which was 20% higher than that of the check cultivar Sunyang. Fall sowing cropping is recommended only in a south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -4C in January, and should be excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.
  • Authors:
    • Antonkiewicz, J.
    • Poradowski, R.
    • Pisulewska, E.
    • Witkowicz, R.
  • Source: Journal of Elementology
  • Volume: 14
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Among the cereals grown in Poland, oat grain contains the highest amount of ash, composed of macro- and microelements. It has been suggested that applying increased levels of mineral fertilization, to newer cultivars of oat could have an impact on their grain yield and mineral composition. A two-factorial (2*2) field experiment was conducted for three years (1999-2001) in the south of Poland. The experiment involved two cultivars of oat, i.e. the covered cultivar Dukat and the naked cultivar Akt, and two fertilization levels, i.e. low (30 kg N, 30 kg P 2O 5 and 45 kg K 2O ha -1) and high (60 kg N, 60 kg P 2O 5 and 90 K 2O ha -1). There was no significant difference in grain yield between the studied cultivars. On the other hand, the high NPK level increased the content of Mg and Fe in the grain of Akt. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the grain content of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn between Dukat and Akt. Overall, the high level of mineral fertilizing decreased the grain content of microelements as a result of dilution effect. The content of Cu and Zn in oat grain was suitable for human consumption according to the IUNG-PIB standards. Generally, it was shown that cv. Akt was richer in mineral elements, especially in P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, than cv. Dukat.
  • Authors:
    • Gundersen, H.
    • Nielsen, H. H.
    • Rasmussen, J.
  • Source: WEED SCIENCE
  • Volume: 57
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: POST weed harrowing and other cultivation methods to control weeds in early crop growth stages may result in crop damage due to low selectivity between crop and weeds. Crop tolerance to cultivation plays an important role but it has not been clearly defined and analyzed. We introduce a procedure for analyzing crop tolerance on the basis of digital image analysis. Crop tolerance is defined as the ability of the crop to avoid yield loss from cultivation in the absence of weeds, and it has two components: resistance and recovery. Resistance is the ability of the crop to resist soil covering and recovery is the ability to recover from it. Soil covering is the percentage of the crop that has been buried because of cultivation. We analyzed data from six field experiments, four experiments with species of small grains, barley, oat, wheat, and triticale, and two experiments with barley cultivars with different abilities to suppress weeds. The order of species' tolerance to weed harrowing was triticale > wheat > barley > oat and the differences were mainly caused by different abilities to recover from soil covering. At 25% soil covering, grain yield loss in triticale was 0.5%, in wheat 2.5%, in barley 3.7%, and in oat 6.5%. Tolerance, resistance, and recovery, however, were influenced by year, especially for oat and barley. There was no evidence of differences between barley cultivars in terms of tolerance indicating that differences among species are more important than differences among cultivars. Selectivity analysis made it possible to calculate the crop yield loss due to crop damage associated with a certain percentage of weed control. In triticale, 80% weed control was associated with 22% crop soil cover on average, which reduced grain yield 0.4% on average in the absence of weeds. Corresponding values for wheat, barley, and oat were 23, 21, and 20% crop soil cover and 2.3, 3.6, and 5.1% grain yield loss.
  • Authors:
    • Mihalik, D.
    • Gregova, E.
    • Sudyova, V.
    • Slikova, S.
  • Source: Cereal Research Communications
  • Volume: 37
  • Issue: Suppl. 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Oat has been more often used in human nourishment in recent years for any rational diet. Grains contaminated with Fusarium spp. are unsuitable for both human and animal consumption because of the adverse health effects of fusariotoxins. The aim of this work was to examine the reactions of covered oats to artificial infection with Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. and the accumulation of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin in seeds. Covered cultivars registered in Slovakia (Zvolen, Auron, Atego, Flamingsstern, Kanton, Viktor, Zlat'ak, Euro and Ardo) were inoculated during flowering in 2006 and 2007 with conidial suspensions of aggressive isolate of F. culmorum Sacc. After ripening, twenty panicles were harvested manually from each plot of blocks (block 1. inoculated, block 2. uninoculated). The threshed seeds were then manually cleaned and hulled. The reduction in 1000-kernel weight (R-TKW) was calculated. The kernel samples were also analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) content by a commercial ELISA kit for quantitative analysis of DON in cereals. The differences between the oat cultivars were observed in R-TKW and DON contents. A high RTKW was discovered in Flamingsstern and a low reduction in Euro, Ardo and Zlat'ak. The average range of DON accumulation was from 3.45 mg kg -1 to 19.05 mg kg -1. From the oat cultivars a mean high DON accumulation (in 2006 and 2007 years) was found in Kanton and Ardo cultivars, a low one in seeds of Zlat'ak, Euro and Auron. This is the first piece of information on reduction in 1000-kernel weight and concentrations of DON in covered oat cultivars in Slovakia after artificial infection with Fusarium culmorum.
  • Authors:
    • Tobiasz-Salach, R.
    • Bobrecka-Jamro, D.
    • Szpunar-Krok, E.
  • Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
  • Volume: 26
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The field experiments was carried out on good wheat soil complex during 2003-2005 in Podkarpacie region (5003′ N, 2206′ E). The 2-species mixtures of naked oats Polar with cultivars of faba bean Akord - its growth pattern undefined, Albus - with low tanine content and self-completing, Titus - self-completing were not distinguishable as regards grain yield as they in most cases gave yields higher than faba bean in pure sowing and even in years with highest rainfall, it gave higher yields than oats in pure sowing. While crude protein yields of mixtures were higher than oats in pure sowing but lower than faba bean, the energy value of yields were however higher in comparison with sole-species cultivations. The content of faba bean grains damaged by Bruchus rufimanus Boh. in mixtures with naked oats did not differ significantly from those in pure sowing. The traditional Akord cultivar was characterized with less stability of yields during the period covered but its grains were infected by Bruchus rufimanus Boh. than self-completing cultivars. Having in mind prevailing conditions of Podkarpacie, it is recommended that Albus cultivar be added to mixtures with naked oats, Polar variety due to very high grain and protein yields as well as energy value of yields.