• Authors:
    • Voelker, U.
    • Schmerler, J.
    • Elhert, D.
  • Source: Precision Agriculture
  • Volume: 5
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Site-specific nitrogen fertilisation is important in precision agriculture. Based on positive results from a mechanical sensor (pendulum-meter) for the indirect measurement of existing plant mass in cereals, late nitrogen fertilisation in a farm scale strip trial was tested in the growing seasons of the year 2000 in one field and 2001 in two fields. The pendulum-meter was mounted at the front of a tractor. For site-specific fertilising, a tractor-mounted spreader which included an on-board computer was modified. The fertiliser rate was varied according to plant growth. In parts of the plots with low plant mass, the application rate was reduced and in parts with high mass increased. The result of site-specific fertilising was that, for the three fields calcium-ammonium-nitrate (CAN) could be saved in the range of 10-12% without reducing yields. The grain quality was not significantly influenced by low or high fertiliser rates.
  • Authors:
    • Bouma, J.
    • Marinissen, J.
    • Jongmans, A.
    • Pulleman, M.
  • Source: Soil Use and Management
  • Volume: 19
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: We compared the effects of conventional and organic arable farming on soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil structure, aggregate stability and C and N mineralization, which are considered important factors in defining sustainable land management. Within one soil series, three different farming systems were selected, including a conventional and an organic arable system and permanent pasture without tillage. The old pasture represents optimal conditions in terms of soil structure and organic matter inputs and is characterized by high earthworm activity. More than 70 years of different management has caused significant differences in soil properties. SOM content, mineralization, earthworm activity and water-stable aggregation decreased as a result of tillage and arable cropping when compared with pasture, but were significantly greater under organic farming than under conventional farming. Total SOM contents between 0 and 20 cm depth amounted to 15, 24 and 46 g kg-1 for the conventional arable, organic arable and permanent pasture fields, respectively. Although less sensitive to slaking than the conventionally managed field, the soil under organic farming was susceptible to compaction when high pressures were exerted on the soil under wet conditions. The beneficial effects of organic farming are generally associated with soil biochemical properties, but soil physical aspects should also be considered. Depending on soil type and climate, organic farmers need to be careful not to destroy the soil structure, so that they can enjoy maximum advantage from their organic farming systems.
  • Authors:
    • Oenema, O.
    • Kuikman, P. J.
    • Velthof, G. L.
  • Source: Biology and Fertility of Soils
  • Volume: 37
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Animal manures may differ strongly in composition and as a result may differ in the emission of N2O following application to soil. An incubation study was carried out to assess the effects of type of mineral N fertilizer and manure, application technique and application rate on N2O emission from a sandy soil with low organic matter content. Fluxes of N2O were measured 30 times over a 98-day period. The total N2O emission from mineral N fertilizer ranged from 2.1 to 4.0% of the N applied. High emissions were associated with manures with high contents of inorganic N, easily mineralizable N and easily mineralizable C, such as liquid pig manure (7.3-13.9% of the N applied). The emission from cattle slurries ranged from 1.8 to 3.0% and that of poultry manures from 0.5 to 1.9%. The total N2O emission during the experimental period tended to increase linearly with increasing N application rate of NH4NO3 and liquid pig manure. The N2O emission from surface-applied NH4NO3 was significantly smaller than that following the incorporation of NH4NO3 in the soil. The N2O emission from pig manure placed in a row at 5 cm depth was significantly higher than from surface-application and other techniques in which manure was incorporated in the soil. The results show that modification of the composition and application technique may be tools to mitigate emission of N2O.
  • Authors:
    • de Caluwe, H.
    • Bobbink, R.
    • Hefting, M. M.
  • Source: Journal of Environmental Quality
  • Volume: 32
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Riparian buffer zones are known to reduce diffuse N pollution of streams by removing and modifying N from agricultural runoff. Denitrification, often identified as the key N removal process, is also considered as a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The risks of high N2O emissions during nitrate mitigation and the environmental controls of emissions have been examined in relatively few riparian zones and the interactions between controls and emissions are still poorly understood. Our objectives were to assess the rates of N2O emission from riparian buffer zones that receive large loads of nitrate, and to evaluate various factors that are purported to control N emissions. Denitrification, nitrification, and N2O emissions were measured seasonally in grassland and forested buffer zones along first-order streams in the Netherlands. Lateral nitrate loading rates were high, up to 470 g N m-2 yr-1. Nitrogen process rates were determined using flux chamber measurements and incubation experiments. Nitrous oxide emissions were found to be significantly higher in the forested (20 kg N ha-1 yr-1) compared with the grassland buffer zone (2-4 kg N ha-1 yr-1), whereas denitrification rates were not significantly different. Higher rates of N2O emissions in the forested buffer zone were associated with higher nitrate concentrations in the ground water. We conclude that N transformation by nitrate-loaded buffer zones results in a significant increase of greenhouse gas emission. Considerable N2O fluxes measured in this study indicate that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodologies for quantifying indirect N2O emissions have to distinguish between agricultural uplands and riparian buffer zones in landscapes receiving large N inputs.
  • Authors:
    • Meijles, E. W.
    • van Essen, E. A.
    • Bouma, J.
    • Pulleman, M. M.
  • Source: Soil Science Society of America Journal
  • Volume: 64
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2000
  • Summary: A regional survey of management and crop type and soil organic matter (SOM) content was conducted in one soil series in the Netherlands (loamy, mixed, mesic, Fluventic Eutrudept). The objective was to determine the effects of land use history on SOM contents in a prime agricultural soil, using available soil survey information and statistical analyses. Soil organic matter content is a relatively stable, integrating soil characteristic that reflects long-term land use and is an important indicator of soil quality. The SOM contents and information about past land use were obtained from 45 fields. Land use history was expressed in terms of (i) tillage; (ii) crop type; and (iii) use of chemical fertilizers, (iv) manure, and (v) biocides, for six successive periods (63-31, 31-15, 15-7, 7-3, 3-1, and 1-0 yr before sampling). Only four land use types occurred: conventional-arable, conventional-grass, organic-arable, and organic-grass. The SOM contents ranged between 17 and 88 g kg-1. Regression models of the actual SOM content as a function of crop type and management in the different periods showed that SOM contents were increased under long-term grass or, to a lesser extent, by organic farming, when compared with conventional-arable use. The regression model depends on the nature of land use history in any particular region and on the length of the selected periods, but it provides an easy method to predict SOM content as a function of management in a given soil series. The method can be an alternative to simulation modeling in situations where detailed data records from long-term field experiments are not available.
  • Authors:
    • Parton, W. J.
    • Mueller, T.
    • Molina, J. A. E.
    • Li, C.
    • Komarov, A. S.
    • Klein-Gunnewiek, H.
    • Kelly, R. H.
    • Jensen, L. S.
    • Jenkinson, D. S.
    • Frolking, S.
    • Franko, U.
    • Coleman, K.
    • Chertov, O. G.
    • Arah, J. R. M.
    • McGill, W. B.
    • Powlson, D. S.
    • Smith, J. U.
    • Smith, P.
    • Thornley, J. H. M.
    • Whitmore, A. P.
  • Source: Geoderma
  • Volume: 81
  • Issue: 1-2
  • Year: 1997
  • Summary: Nine soil organic models were evaluated using twelve datasets from seven long-term experiments. Datasets represented three different land-uses (grassland, arable cropping and woodland) and a range of climatic conditions within the temperate region. Different treatments (inorganic fertilizer, organic manures and different rotations) at the same site allowed the effects of differing land management to be explored. Model simulations were evaluated against the measured data and the performance of the models was compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Not all models were able to simulate all datasets; only four attempted all. No one model performed better than all others across all datasets. The performance of each model in simulating each dataset is discussed. A comparison of the overall performance of models across all datasets reveals that the model errors of one group of models (RothC, CANDY, DNDC, CENTURY, DAISY and NCSOIL) did not differ significantly from each other. Another group (SOMM, ITE and Verberne) did not differ significantly from each other but showed significantly larger model errors than did models in the first group. Possible reasons for differences in model performance are discussed in detail.
  • Authors:
    • Oenema, O.
    • Silvola, J.
    • Martikainen, P.
    • Berglund, K.
    • Klemedtsson, L.
    • Kasimir-Klemedtsson, Å.
  • Source: Soil Use and Management
  • Volume: 13
  • Issue: s4
  • Year: 1997
  • Summary: The large boreal peatland ecosystems sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks for CO2 and strong emitters of CH4. Drainage and cultivation of peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO2 and N2O emissions increase while CH4 emissions decrease. Compared to undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) by roughly 1t CO2 equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies can be devised.