• Authors:
    • Kang, U.
    • Park, M.
    • Lee, J.
    • Lee, Y.
    • Oh, I.
    • Cho, H.
    • Ryu, J.
    • Park, C.
    • Seong, K.
    • Jeon, W.
    • Ku, J.
    • Kim, M.
  • Source: Korean Journal of Crop Science / Hanguk Jakmul Hakhoe Chi
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4-2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6-1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/10 a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10 a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10 a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9-1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10 a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2-7.7 cm as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate, but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10-15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30-50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.
  • Authors:
    • Park, S. W.
    • Lee, H. P.
    • Sung, C. H.
    • Lee, S. B.
    • Jang, T. I.
  • Source: Paddy and Water Environment
  • Volume: 8
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: This article describes the pilot study on the water reuse for agricultural irrigation in Korea. The project is a part of the application of wastewater reuse system for Agriculture project, a 21st Century Frontier R&D Program sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology and associated with the Sustainable Water Resources Research Program. The goal of the project was to develop infra-technologies necessary to reclaim wastewater for irrigation in agriculture. The project involved two phases: laboratory and field research. Reclamation techniques for irrigation and feasible reuse were developed as a first step in proposing appropriate water quality standards. Reclaimed wastewater of various qualities was used to irrigate cereal crops and vegetables, and possible adverse effects on crops, humans, and the environment were investigated. The optimal reclamation methods required to satisfy water quality standards were explored and the operational characteristics investigated. Moreover, an inventory of farmlands that could reuse reclaimed wastewater was established. Feasible delivery systems for irrigation were developed, and pilot project sites were identified. Finally, operational field data from pilot units were collected and analyzed. This research and development may help solve water shortage problems in Korea, which left unaddressed will have an adverse effect on future generations.
  • Authors:
    • Kim, D.
    • Hong, Y.
    • Kim, J.
    • Park, K.
    • Seo, J.
    • Park, T.
    • Heo, H.
    • Park, H.
    • Ouk-Kyu, H.
  • Source: Korean Journal of Breeding Science
  • Volume: 41
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: A new naked oat cultivar Daeyang ( Avena sativa L.) was developed by Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. It was derived from a cross between 'FLX446-1-84-Q1' and 'SO92004-B-3-3-5-7'. The FLX446-1-84-Q1, a naked oat cultivar from USA, is early heading and has good seed quality, while the SO92004-B-3-3-5-7, a covered oat breeding line, has a high yield with large grain. Subsequent generations were handled in a bulk method and pedigree selection program, and the SO97013-B-16-4 was selected based on agronomic performance in 2001. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the yield trial tested at Suwon from 2002 to 2003, being designated as Gwiri51. The Gwiri51 was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup, and Jinju, from 2004 to 2007 and was designated as "Daeyang" and released. Its heading date was May 8 and maturing time was June 14 in a paddy field condition. The new cultivar Daeyang had 97 cm of culm length and 25.2 cm of spike length, 644 spikes per m 2, 65 grains per spike, 30.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 635 g of test weight. Daeyang showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar 'Sunyang', and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to percent content crude protein and beta-glucan. However, it showed higher husking rate than the check cultivar. Grain yield of Daeyang in the regional yield trial for 4 years were averaged 4.18 MT ha -1, which was 20% higher than that of the check cultivar Sunyang. Fall sowing cropping is recommended only in a south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -4C in January, and should be excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.
  • Authors:
    • Kim,J. G.
    • Chung,E. S.
    • Seo,S.
    • Kim,M. J.
    • Chang,Y. S.
    • Chung,B. C.
  • Source: Han'gug coji hag'hoeji
  • Volume: 25
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2005
  • Summary: This study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and mixture of small grains on the productivity and quality of spring forage rape (Brassica napus) in the south region of Korea (Mokpo). The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (100, 150 and 200 kg/ha). The sub-plots consisted of five kinds of mixed small grain species (rye (Secale cereale), oat (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and rape (B. napus) monoculture). The results were summarized as follows: (1) dry matter (DM) content of rye+rape and barley+rape mixtures increased by 2-3% compared to rape monoculture. The high level of nitrogen application increased the fresh matter yield and yield of rye+rape monoculture were higher than that of others; (2) dry matter yield of rye+rape mixture and rape monoculture with 200 kg/ha of nitrogen application were higher by 9449 and 9227 kg/ha, respectively; (3) the crude protein (CP) content of rape was high as 18.6% while average CP content was 16%. (4) The average total digestible nutrient (TDN) content showed high as 70%. It is suggested that the rye+rape mixture or rape monoculture would recommended for spring use of rape in the southern region of Korea.
  • Authors:
    • Dale, B. E.
    • Kim, S.
  • Source: Biomass and Bioenergy
  • Volume: 26
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: The global annual potential bioethanol production from the major crops, corn, barley, oat, rice, wheat, sorghum, and sugar cane, is estimated. To avoid conflicts between human food use and industrial use of crops, only the wasted crop, which is defined as crop lost in distribution, is considered as feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass such as crop residues and sugar cane bagasse are included in feedstock for producing bioethanol as well. There are about 73:9 Tg of dry wasted crops in the world that could potentially produce 49:1 GL year-1 of bioethanol. About 1:5 Pg year-1 of dry lignocellulosic biomass from these seven crops is also available for conversion to bioethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass could produce up to 442 GL year-1 of bioethanol. Thus, the total potential bioethanol production from crop residues and wasted crops is 491 GL year-1, about 16 times higher than the current world ethanol production. The potential bioethanol production could replace 353 GL of gasoline (32% of the global gasoline consumption) when bioethanol is used in E85 fuel for a midsize passenger vehicle. Furthermore, lignin-rich fermentation residue, which is the coproduct of bioethanol made from crop residues and sugar cane bagasse, can potentially generate both 458 TWh of electricity (about 3.6% of world electricity production) and 2:6EJ of steam. Asia is the largest potential producer of bioethanol from crop residues and wasted crops, and could produce up to 291 GL year -1 of bioethanol. Rice straw, wheat straw, and corn stover are the most favorable bioethanol feedstocks in Asia. The next highest potential region is Europe (69:2 GL ofbioethanol), in which most bioethanol comes from wheat straw. Corn stover is the main feedstock in North America, from which about 38:4 GL year -1 of bioethanol can potentially be produced. Globally rice straw can produce 205 GL of bioethanol, which is the largest amount from single biomass feedstock. The next highest potential feedstock is wheat straw, which can produce 104 GL of bioethanol. This paper is intended to give some perspective on the size ofthe bioethanol feedstock resource, globally and by region, and to summarize relevant data that we believe others will 0nd useful, for example, those who are interested in producing biobased products such as lactic acid, rather than ethanol, from crops and wastes. The paper does not attempt to indicate how much, if any, of this waste material could actually be converted to bioethanol.
  • Authors:
    • Sathaye, J. A.
    • Makundi, W. R.
  • Source: Environment, Development and Sustainability
  • Volume: 6
  • Issue: 1-2
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: This paper summarizes studies of carbon mitigation potential (MP) and costs of forestry options in seven developing countries with a focus on the role of agroforestry. A common methodological approach known as comprehensive mitigation assessment process (COMAP) was used in each study to estimate the potential and costs between 2000 and 2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline and mitigation land-use scenarios derived from the demand for forest products and forestland for other uses such as agriculture and pasture. By using data on estimated carbon sequestration, emission avoidance, costs and benefits, the model enables one to estimate cost effectiveness indicators based on monetary benefit per tC, as well as estimates of total mitigation costs and potential when the activities are implemented at equilibrium level. The results show that about half the MP of 6.9 GtC (an average of 223 MtC per year) between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries could be achieved at a negative cost, and the other half at costs not exceeding $100 per tC. Negative cost indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of about half of the options. The agroforestry options analyzed bear a significant proportion of the potential at medium to low cost per tC when compared to other options. The role of agroforestry in these countries varied between 6% and 21% of the MP, though the options are much more cost effective than most due to the low wage or opportunity cost of rural labor. Agroforestry options are attractive due to the large number of people and potential area currently engaged in agriculture, but they pose unique challenges for carbon and cost accounting due to the dispersed nature of agricultural activities in the tropics, as well as specific difficulties arising from requirements for monitoring, verification, leakage assessment and the establishment of credible baselines.