• Authors:
    • Sessiz, A.
    • Malhi, S. S.
    • Gürsoy, S.
  • Source: Field Crops Research
  • Volume: 119
  • Issue: 2-3
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Grain yield and quality of winter wheat ( Triticum durum L.) are affected by several factors, and crop management has a very important role among them. A 3-year (from 2003-04 to 2005-06) field experiment under irrigation was carried out at Diyabakir in the South East Anatolia Region of Turkey to evaluate immediate effects of tillage and residue management systems after cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) on grain yield and quality [thousand grain weight (TGW), test weight (TW), protein content (PC) and mini sedimentation (mini SDS)] of durum wheat, and correlations among these parameters. A split plot design with three replications was used, in which two residue management treatments [collecting and removing cotton stalks from plots ( SRem), and chopping and leaving of cotton stalks in plots ( SLev)] were main plots, and six tillage and/or wheat planting method combination treatments [moldboard plough+cultivator+broadcast seeding+cultivator as conventional tillage-I (CT-I), moldboard plough+cultivator+drill as conventional tillage-II (CT-II), chisel plough+cultivator+drill as vertical tillage (VT), two passes of disk harrow+drill as reduced tillage-I (RT-I), rotary tiller+drill as reduced tillage-II (RT-II), and no-till ridge planting (RP)] were sub-plots. The effect of cotton residue management on grain yield, TW, PC, mini SDS was not significant, but SRem (51.21 g) gave significantly higher TGW than SLev (50.63 g). Tillage and/or wheat planting method combination treatments had a significant effect on grain yield, TGW and TW, but did not significantly influence PC and mini SDS. Conventional tillage with broadcast seeding (CT-I) treatment produced the lowest wheat grain yield (5.395 Mg ha -1), while there were no significant differences in grain yield among the other five tillage treatments (yields ranged from 5.671 to 5.819 Mg ha -1). In spite of supplemental irrigations, the variability of weather conditions, particularly the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season, had a significant influence on wheat grain yield and quality parameters (TGW, TW, PC, mini SDS). Grain yield had a significant positive correlation with TGW, but it did not show any relationship with other grain quality parameters. In conclusion, the findings suggest that conventional tillage with broadcast seeding would be less effective in producing grain yield of wheat compared to other five tillage treatments with row planting, while management of the previous cotton stalks may not have any effect on yield and quality of wheat except TGW.
  • Authors:
    • ERS
  • Volume: 2010
  • Year: 2010
  • Authors:
    • Xu, Y.
    • Wyse, D. L.
    • Paterson, A. H.
    • Wade, L. J.
    • Van Tassel, D. L.
    • Tao, D.
    • Snapp, S.
    • Sacks, E. J.
    • Ploschuk, E.
    • Murray, S. C.
    • Jones, S. S.
    • Jackson, W.
    • Ibrahim, A. M. H.
    • Hulke, B. S.
    • Hu, F.
    • Holland, J.
    • Gill, B. S.
    • Eriksson, D.
    • Dehaan, L. R.
    • Culman, S. W.
    • Crews, T. E.
    • Cox, T. S.
    • Cox, C. M.
    • Buckler, E. S.
    • Brummer, E. C.
    • Borevitz, J.
    • Bell, L. W.
    • Reganold, J. P.
    • Glover, J. D.
  • Source: Science
  • Volume: 330
  • Issue: 6000
  • Year: 2010
  • Authors:
    • Scholz, V.
    • Kern, J.
    • Strähle, M.
    • Hellebrand, H. J.
  • Source: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
  • Volume: 87
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Carbon (C) sequestration and soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) affect the carbon dioxide (CO2) advantage of energy crops. A long-term study has been performed to evaluate the environmental effects of energy crop cultivation on the loamy sand soil of the drier northeast region of Germany. The experimental field, established in 1994, consisted of columns (0.25 ha each) cultivated with short rotation coppice (SRC: Salix and Populus) and columns cultivated with annual crops. The columns were subdivided into four blocks, with each receiving different fertilization treatments. The soil C content was measured annually from 1994 until 1997, and then in 2006. Soil N2O levels were measured several times per week from 1999 to 2007. Water-filled pore space (WFPS) and soil nitrate measurements have been performed weekly since 2003. Increased C stocks were found in SRC columns, and C loss was observed in blocks with annual crops. The soil from fertilized blocks had higher levels of C than the soil from non-fertilized blocks. SRC cropping systems on dry, loamy sand soils are advantageous relative to annual cropping systems because of higher C sequestration, lower fertilized-induced N2O emissions, and reduced background N2O emissions in these soils. SRC cropping systems on dry, loamy sand soils have a CO2 advantage (approximately 4 Mg CO2 ha(-1) year(-1)) relative to annual cropping systems.
  • Authors:
    • McKenzie, R. H.
    • Bremer, E.
    • Olson, B. M.
    • Bennett, D. R.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
  • Volume: 90
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: The risk of P leaching increases on land that receives manure at rates sufficient to meet crop N requirements, but calcareous subsoils may minimize P loss due to P adsorption. An 8-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different rates of manure on the accumulation and leaching of soil P in a coarse-textured (CT) soil and a medium-textured (MT) soil under typical irrigation management in southern Alberta. Treatments included a non-manured control and four rates of cattle ( Bos taurus) manure (20, 40, 60, and 120 Mg ha -1 yr -1, wet-weight basis). In manured treatments, P addition ranged from about 80 to 450 kg P ha -1 yr -1, while P removal by annual cereal silage crops ranged from 15 to 22 kg P ha -1 yr -1. High soil test P (STP) concentrations occurred to a depth of 0.6 m at the CT site and 0.3 m at the MT site. Increase in STP concentration to 0.6 m was equivalent to 43% of net P input, and increase in total soil P was equivalent to 78% of net P input. Non-recovery of net P input suggests that P loss by leaching occurred at these sites and that leaching was more prevalent at the CT site. These calcareous soils have considerable potential to hold surplus P, but may still allow P leaching.
  • Authors:
    • Larney, F. J.
    • McKenzie, R. H.
    • Olson, B. M.
    • Bremer, E.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
  • Volume: 90
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Land application of livestock manure has caused concern about excess nutrients in soil and the potential risk to water quality. Application of manure based on crop-nutrient requirements is considered a beneficial management practice. A field study was conducted to assess the feasibility and impact of crop-based N and P application rates of cattle ( Bos taurus) manure and compost for crop productivity and accumulation of extractable soil N and P. The 6-yr (2002-2007), small-plot field study included 10 amendments: control (CONT), annual synthetic fertilizer N (F-N), annual synthetic fertilizer P (F-P), annual synthetic fertilizer N plus P (F-NP), annual N-based manure (M-N), annual P-based manure (M-P), three times the P-based manure once per 3 yr (M-3P), annual N-based compost (C-N), annual P-based compost (C-P), and three times the P-based compost once per 3 yr (C-3P). Amendments were arranged in randomized complete block design with five replicates and applied based on annual soil testing and nutrient recommendations. The test crops were triticale (* Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) silage managed under irrigation. Dry matter yields for CONT and F-P were significantly smaller than for the other treatments. There were generally no significant differences among the six organic and F-NP amendments. Apparent N recovery (ANR) was greatest for F-NP (45%) and F-N (41%), followed by the P-based organic amendments (26-34%), M-N (15%), and smallest for C-N (10%). Apparent P recovery (APR) was greatest for F-NP (30%) and smallest for M-N (6%) and C-N (4%). The APR for the P-based organic amendments ranged from 14 to 22%. Application of the amendments did not result in the accumulation of excess nitrate N in the soil profile. The M-N and C-N amendments applied for 6 yr increased extractable P in the 0- to 0.15-m soil layer from 12 mg kg -1 to 121 and 156 mg kg -1, respectively. Crop productivity and soil nutrient responses indicated that assumptions made for P and N availability in manure and compost were reasonably accurate. Based on the results, P-based application of manure or compost can achieve optimum crop yield and prevent nutrient build-up in soil. Under the conditions of this study, the amount of land required to accommodate P-based application would be five to seven times more for manure and eight to ten times more for compost compared with N-based application.
  • Authors:
    • Pepo, P.
  • Source: 45th Croatian & 5th International Symposium on Agriculture
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: In non-irrigated treatment the maximum yields of winter wheat were 5590 kg ha -1 in biculture (maize-wheat) and 7279 kg ha-1 in triculture (peas-wheat-maize) in 2007 year characterized by water-deficit stress. In 2008 (optimum rain amount and distribution) the maximum yields were 7065 kg ha -1 (biculture) and 8112 kg ha -1 (triculture) in non irrigated conditions. The fertilization surpluses of wheat were 2853-3698 kg ha -1 (non-irrigated) and 3164-5505 kg ha -1 (irrigated) in a dry cropyear (2007) and 884-4050 kg ha -1 (non-irrigated) and 524-3990 kg ha -1 (irrigated) in an optimum cropyear (2008). The optimum fertilizer doses varied N150-200+PK in biculture and N50-150+PK in triculture depending on cropyear and irrigation. The optimalization of agrotechnical elements provides 7,8-8,5 t ha -1 yields in dry cropyear and 7,1-8,1 t ha -1 yields of wheat in good cropyear, respectively. Our scientific results proved that in water stress cropyear (2007) the maximum yields of maize were 4316 kg ha -1 (monoculture), 7706 kg ha -1 (biculture), 7998 kg ha -1 (triculture) in non irrigated circumstances and 8586 kg ha -1, 10 970 kg ha -1, 10 679 kg ha -1 in irrigated treatment, respectively. In dry cropyear (2007) the yield-surpluses of irrigation were 4270 kg ha -1 (mono), 3264 kg ha -1 (bi), 2681 kg ha -1 (tri), respectively. In optimum water supply cropyear (2008) the maximum yields of maize were 13 729-13 787 (mono), 14 137-14 152 kg ha -1 (bi), 13 987-14 180 kg ha -1 (tri) so there was no crop-rotation effect. We obtained 8,6-11,0 t ha -1 maximum yields of maize in water stress cropyear and 13,7-14,2 t ha -1 in optimum cropyear on chernozem soil with using appropriate agrotechnical elements.
  • Authors:
    • Siebert, S.
    • Portmann, F. T.
    • Doll, P.
  • Source: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
  • Volume: 24
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: To support global-scale assessments that are sensitive to agricultural land use, we developed the global data set of monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000 (MIRCA2000). With a spatial resolution of 5 arc min (about 9.2 km at the equator), MIRCA2000 provides both irrigated and rainfed crop areas of 26 crop classes for each month of the year. The data set covers all major food crops as well as cotton. Other crops are grouped into categories (perennial, annual, and fodder grasses). It represents multicropping systems and maximizes consistency with census-based national and subnational statistics. According to MIRCA2000, 25% of the global harvested areas are irrigated, with a cropping intensity (including fallow land) of 1.12, as compared to 0.84 for the sum of rainfed and irrigated harvested crops. For the dominant crops (rice (1.7 million km 2 harvested area), wheat (2.1 million km 2), and maize (1.5 million km 2)), roughly 60%, 30%, and 20% of the harvested areas are irrigated, respectively, and half of the citrus, sugar cane, and cotton areas. While wheat and maize are the crops with the largest rainfed harvested areas (1.5 million km 2 and 1.2 million km 2, respectively), rice is clearly the crop with the largest irrigated harvested area (1.0 million km 2), followed by wheat (0.7 million km 2) and maize (0.3 million km 2). Using MIRCA2000, 33% of global crop production and 44% of total cereal production were determined to come from irrigated agriculture.
  • Authors:
    • Prema Borkar
    • Bodade, V. M.
    • Patil, E. R.
  • Source: Green Farming
  • Volume: 3
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: An attempt has been made regarding the temporal variation in sources of irrigation and their impact on the rainfed agriculture in Maharashtra State. The study is based on secondary data culled from the publications of the Agricultural Statistical information Maharashtra State, Pune. The data pertains to a period of twenty-five years i.e., from 1980-81 to 2004-05 and were subjected to compound growth rate analysis. From this study, it may be concluded that there has been a marginal increase in the total irrigated area in the study period. The growth of well irrigation was observed to be higher than surface irrigation. The cropping pattern of Maharashtra is shifting from cereals to pulses, oilseeds and commercial crops due to better returns.
  • Authors:
    • Christie, P.
    • Streck, T.
    • Li, L.
    • Qin, Z. C.
    • Ingwersen, J.
    • Ju, X. T.
    • Qiu, S. J.
    • Zhang, F. S.
  • Source: Soil & Tillage Research
  • Volume: 107
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: In recent years large areas of conventional cereal production in China have been transferred to greenhouse production with huge excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and massive irrigation. However, the effects of this change in land use on soil carbon and nitrogen pools remain to be explored. Here we report a comparative study in which paired soil samples were taken from four greenhouses and from adjacent conventional cereal fields. Soil organic carbon (SOC), carbonate carbon (IC), total nitrogen (TN) and mineral nitrogen (N min) to 100 cm depth and the soil active organic pools, including particulate organic matter (POM), soil microbial biomass (SMB) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), to 0-40 cm depth were determined. The natural isotopic signatures of SOC, TN and POM were also analyzed. In both production systems all of the carbon and nitrogen pools in the surface soil (0-10 cm) were greater than deeper in the soil profile except for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and NH 4-N. SOC and TN and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were higher in the greenhouse system than in conventional cereal soils ( P>0.05). A similar trend was found for POM ( P0.05) and IC in the greenhouse system showed a dramatic decline. The SOC/TN ratios of different pools in the greenhouse soils were lower than in the conventional cereal system ( P>0.05). The SOC/TN ratio ranged from 8.4 to 10.0 in greenhouse soils and 8.5 to 11.7 in the cereal soils. At each depth POM content in the greenhouses (1.5-7.1 g kg -1) was significantly greater than that in the field soils (0.8-2.9 g kg -1) ( P