• Authors:
    • Urminska, D.
    • Socha, P.
    • Mickowska, B.
    • Cieslik, E.
  • Source: Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences
  • Volume: 1
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The aim of this study was to compare the prolamin complex of several varieties of cereals: 16 varieties of wheat (including common, durum and spelt wheat), 8 varieties of barley, 3 varieties of triticale and 1 variety of rye. In amino acids composition the major part represent glutamic acid in all type of prolamins (38-43%) but there were some differences between content of proline (in wheat and triticale it was 17%, in rye 20% but in barley 25%). By ELISA based on monoclonal antibody R5 it was showed positive reaction in relation to coeliac disease active peptides. Immunoblot based on polyclonal gluten antibody detected only proteins with molecular weight higher than 35 kDa.
  • Authors:
    • Carver, B.
    • Obert, D.
    • Mornhinweg, D.
  • Source: Journal of Plant Registrations
  • Volume: 6
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: STARS 1006B (Reg. No. GP-200, PI 659760), STARS 1007B (Reg. No. GP-201, PI 659761), STARS 1008B (Reg. No. GP-202, PI 659762), STARS 1009B (Reg. No. GP-203, PI 659763), STARS 1010B (Reg. No. GP-204, PI 659764), STARS 1011B (Reg. No. GP-205, PI 659765), STARS 1012B (Reg. No. GP-206, PI 659766), and STARS 1013B (Reg. No. GP-207, PI 659767), are winter, six-rowed, feed barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm lines developed cooperatively by the USDA-ARS, in Stillwater, OK, and Aberdeen, ID as sources of resistance to Russian wheat aphid [RWA; Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)] and greenbug [GB; Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)]. Each resistant line is in a 'Post 90' background and comparable with 'Post 90' (PI 549081) in yield, test weight, heading date, and height in the absence of RWA and GB. Each line is highly resistant to both RWA and GB and has a wide area of adaptation ranging from irrigated production in the northwestern United States to dryland production in the southern plains, where both RWA and GB can be problematic.
  • Authors:
    • Dobrovolny, P.
    • Brazdil, R.
    • Mozny, M.
    • Trnka, M.
  • Source: Climatic Change
  • Volume: 110
  • Issue: 3/4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Cereal crop harvests reflect the weather patterns of the period immediately preceding them, and thus the dates at which they begin may be used as a source of proxy data on regional climate. Using systematic phenological observations in the Czech Lands (now known as the Czech Republic) after 1845, together with exploration of further surviving documentary evidence (chronicles, diaries, financial accounts etc.), it has proved possible to create series of winter wheat harvest dates for the period 1501-2008. Employing linear regression, the harvesting dates of the main cereal species (wheat, rye, barley, oats) were first converted to winter wheat harvest days and then normalised to the same altitude above sea level. The next step consisted of using series of winter wheat harvest dates to reconstruct mean March-June temperatures in the Czech Republic, applying standard palaeoclimatological methods. Series reconstructed by linear regression explain 70% of temperature variability. A profound cold period corresponding with late winter wheat harvests was noted between 1659 and 1705. In contrast, warm periods (i.e. early winter wheat harvests) were found for the periods of 1517-1542, 1788-1834 and 1946-2008. The period after 1951 is the warmest of all throughout the entire 1501-2008 period. Comparisons with other European temperature reconstructions derived from documentary sources (including grape harvest dates), tree-rings and instrumental data reveal generally close agreement, with significant correlations. Lower correlations around A.D. 1650 and 1750 may be partly related to deterioration of socio-economic conditions in the Czech Lands resulting from prolonged wars. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to use widely-available cereal harvest data for climate analysis and also that such data constitute an independent proxy data series for the region of Central Europe crucial to further studies of the potential impact of climatic variability and climate change on agriculture.
  • Authors:
    • Manukyan, R.
    • Asadi, H.
    • Nazmi, L.
    • Naderi, H.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
  • Volume: 92
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: In hilly landforms subject to long-term cultivation, erosion has denuded the upper slope positions of topsoil, and accumulated topsoil in the lower slope positions. Slope gradient and position effects aggregation processes, which in turn impact soil productivity. A field experiment was conducted to assess the tillage-induced soil displacement and its effects on the soil properties and barley ( Hordeum vulgare var. Sahand) biomass production for three different landscapes. The study was conducted on a hill slope seeded with barley (1.4-10.1° slope) located in the Mollaahmad watershed of the Ardabil province in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from four slope positions in a grassland as well as an agricultural field (dryland). A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of slope gradient and position on barley growth and soil quality. Soil generally had lower organic carbon, available phosphorus, calcium carbonate equivalent, soil water content and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in the farmland than the grassland, and in the upper slope positions than in the lower slopes. Significantly higher barley growth indices were associated with lower slope positions. Agronomic productivity of the soil was lowest for landscapes with the highest slope gradient. The relationships between tillage erosion and yield components were found to be significant. Spike weight and slope position had the largest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables (tillage erosion and yield components) estimated when compared with other parameters (slope gradient, dry matter, spike number, grain yield and 1000-grain weight). The findings in this study can be used as a tool to assist farmers, soil and water conservationists, and other policymakers in decision making regarding the use of lands.
  • Authors:
    • Justesen, A.
    • Jorgensen, L.
    • Rodriguez, A.
    • Jensen, J.
    • Nielsen, L.
  • Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology
  • Volume: 157
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Quantitative real-time PCR assays, based on polymorphisms in the TRI12 gene of the trichothecene pathway, were developed to identify and quantify the trichothecene genotypes producing 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON) or nivalenol (NIV) in the Fusarium graminearum species complex, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearum. These assays were applied on a total of 378 field samples of cereal grain of wheat, barley, triticale, rye and oats collected from 2003 to 2007 to study the trichothecene genotype composition in Danish cereals. The three genotypes, 3ADON, 15ADON and NIV were found in all five cereal species, great annual variation in the occurrence of the trichothecene genotypes was evident with considerable variation between the samples. 3ADON was the dominant genotype in barley, triticale, rye and oats while 15ADON was most dominant in wheat. The NIV genotype was found at low levels in most samples. Study of genotype composition within the Danish F. graminearum and F. culmorum population was based on principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that the dominating genotype of F. graminearum in wheat is 15ADON. For barley, the PCA analysis indicated that the F. graminearum population consisted of all three genotypes, and in triticale, the F. graminearum population consisted mainly of 15ADON genotype. F. culmorum/ F. cerealis showed correlation to the NIV genotype in wheat and triticale but not in barley. F. culmorum/ F. cerealis also showed some correlation to 3ADON especially in wheat and triticale. Selected wheat and barley samples from 1957 to 2000 showed low amounts of F. graminearum and F. culmorum in general but with a dominance of the 3ADON genotype. 15ADON was not detected in these samples, except for very low amounts in the sample representing the years from 1997 to 2000. Detection of low amounts of the 15ADON genotype in these historical samples and the relatively high amounts of 15ADON genotype in 2003 and following years correspond well with the occurrence of F. graminearum and indicates that the 15ADON genotype was introduced along with F. graminearum around 2000. The amounts of the 3ADON and 15ADON genotypes correlated well with the total amount of DON whereas the amounts of NIV genotype correlated well with the amount of NIV in wheat and triticale but not in barley where the results indicate that Fusarium poae may also contribute to the NIV content.
  • Authors:
    • Paraschiv, I.
    • Biris, S.
    • Maican, E.
    • Paraschiv, G.
    • Vladut, V.
  • Source: Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering: Proceedings of the 40. International Symposium on Agricultural Engineering, Opatija, Croatia, 21-24 February 2012
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: This paper presents a procedure for the calculus and dimensional optimization of a seeds hopper volume from a universal seeds drill. First, the meaning and importance of some constructive parameters taken into account in the procedure are fully explained and exemplified. Then, the mathematical algorithm underlying the hopper's cross-sectional area maximization is developed. The procedure is applied on a hopper from a real seeds drill. It is important to note that the hopper's volume has been already maximized by the designer. Therefore it will be tested whether the proposed procedure is capable to add value to the method used by the designer. Under these conditions, it is found that the proposed method has further succeeded an increase in cross-sectional area from 0,89 m2 to 0,93 m3. Considering that the total length of the hopper in this example is 3,086 m, an overall increase in volume of 12,3 L is obtained.
  • Authors:
    • Thomashow, L.
    • Weller, D.
    • Mavrodi, O.
    • Mavrodi, D.
    • Parejko, J.
  • Source: Microbial Ecology
  • Volume: 64
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Certain strains of the rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens contain the phenazine biosynthesis operon ( phzABCDEFG) and produce redox-active phenazine antibiotics that suppress a wide variety of soilborne plant pathogens. In 2007 and 2008, we isolated 412 phenazine-producing (Phz +) fluorescent Pseudomonas strains from roots of dryland wheat and barley grown in the low-precipitation region (
  • Authors:
    • Liu, B.
    • Tian, J.
    • Yan, X.
    • Wang, H.
    • Liu, Q.
    • Peng, C.
  • Source: Journal of Biology
  • Volume: 29
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The tribe triticeae represents a potential gene pool for improvement of crops such as wheat, rye and barley. Roegneria shandongensis is a tetraploid species widely distributing in the Eastern part of China. The species contains resistance to wheat yellow dwarf disease. However, the molecular markers used to investigate the genetic diversity of R. shandongensis were poorly studied. In this paper, a SSR-PCR system of R. shandongensis was optimized and tested. PCR system was optimized in five factors (Mg 2+, dNTP, primer, DNA template and Taq DNA polymerase) at five levels respectively. To discover the economic, rapid, and stable PCR system to screen SSR primers of R. shandongensis and detect the generality of the established system, one SSR primer Xgwm43-7B was used to screen the best PCR reaction system, and nine pairs of SSR primers (Xgwm18-1B, Xgwm32-3A, Xgwm6-4B, Xgwm60-7A, Xgwm67-5B, Xgwm77-3B, Xgwm88-6B, Xgwm95-2A and Xgwm99-1A) were used to test the generality. As a result, a satisfactory SSR-PCR reaction system for R. shandongensis with desirable repeatability and polymorphic bands was established. 20 L SSR-PCR system contained 1 * buffer, 2.875 mmol/L Mg 2+, 200 mol/L dNTP, 3 pmol primer, 45 ng template DNA, 1.5 U Taq polymerase, and ddH 2O then added up to terminal volume of 20 L. The generality test of PCR optimized system of R. shandongensis was carried out. The test result indicated that this system is also suitable for the amplification done by other SSR primers.
  • Authors:
    • Jorgensen, L.
    • Nielsen, G.
    • Spliid, N.
    • Ghorbani, F.
    • Nielsen, K.
    • Rasmussen, P.
  • Source: Mycotoxin research
  • Volume: 28
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) can occur in cereals conjugated to glucose and probably also to other sugars. These conjugates, which are often referred to as "masked mycotoxins", will not be detected with routine analytical techniques. Furthermore, it is suspected that the parent toxin may again be released after hydrolysis in the digestive tracts of animals and humans. Today, our knowledge of the occurrence of these compounds in cereal grains is limited. In this paper, a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of DON, deoxynivalenol-3-beta-D-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside), 3 acetyl-DON, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin in naturally ( n=48) and artificially ( n=30) contaminated cereal grains (wheat, barley, oat, rye triticale) is reported. The method has also been applied to whole fresh maize plant intended for production of maize silage ( n=10). The samples were collected from the harvest years 2006-2010, The results show that DON-3-glucoside and DON co-occurred in cereal grains and, especially in several of the highly contaminated samples, the concentration of the glucoside can be relatively high, corresponding to over 37% of the DON concentration. The DON-3-glucoside levels in both the naturally and in the artificially grain inoculated with Fusarium were second only to DON, and were generally higher than those of the other tested trichothecenes, which were found at low concentrations in most samples, in many cases even below the detection limit of the method. This argues for the importance of taking DON-3-glucoside into account in the ongoing discussion within the European Community concerning exposure re-evaluations for setting changed values for the tolerable intake for DON. Our results indicate that, in the naturally contaminated grains and in the Fusarium infested cereal grains (winter and spring wheat, oat, triticale), the concentration level of DON-3-glucoside is positively correlated to the DON content. When the DON concentration is high, then the content of DON-3-glucoside will most probably also be high and vice versa.
  • Authors:
    • Reyneri, A.
  • Source: Informatore Agrario
  • Volume: 68
  • Issue: 17
  • Year: 2012