• Authors:
    • Drotleff, A.
    • Buchholz, M.
    • Ternes, W.
  • Source: Journal of Cereal Science
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Non-phosphorylated thiamin (T), thiamin monophosphate (TMP), and thiamin diphosphate (TDP) were extracted from whole grains of wheat ( Triticum aestivum, cv. Dekan), triticale (Triticosecale, cv. SW Talentro), rye ( Secale cereale, cv. Agronom), oats ( Avena sativa, cv. Dominik), and barley ( Hordeum vulgare, cv. Merlot) at different growth stages (from inflorescence emergence to full ripeness of the grains) and determined with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. No thiamin triphosphate or adenosine thiamin triphosphate was found in these cereals. Total thiamin levels (the sum of T and its phosphate esters) determined on a dry matter (DM) basis were found to be quite similar in all grain samples throughout the analysis period, ranging from 5.59 (wheat) to 13.00 nmol/g DM (oats). In spikelets 3-5 days after flowering, the total thiamin content in all cereals was 40-75% T, 5-13% TMP, and 18-46% TDP. Generally, T increased and TDP decreased continuously with grain development, with maximum T (88-99%), and minimum TDP (2-10%) at ripeness. No TMP was detected in mature grains. The results indicate that variation in T, TMP, and TDP levels is probably due above all to the conversion of phosphorylated thiamin phosphate esters into less highly or non-phosphorylated forms.
  • Authors:
    • Canbolat, O.
  • Source: KAFKAS UNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI
  • Volume: 18
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy (ME) organic matter digestibility (OMD), relative feed values (RFV) of the cereal forages from maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, rye and triticale. Gas production were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation y=a+b(1-e -ct). There were significant differences among cereal hay in terms of chemical composition (P
  • Authors:
    • Jonge, L.
    • Jongbloed, A.
    • Krimpen, M.
    • Esmaeilipour, O.
    • Bikker, P.
  • Source: Animal Feed Science and Technology
  • Volume: 175
  • Issue: 3/4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature ( T), pH, time of incubation and pepsin on the stability of intrinsic phytase of different cereals. Experiment one was conducted as a 3*4*3*3 factorial arrangement with three feed ingredients (rye, wheat and barley), four T (20, 38, 55 and 80°C), three pH levels (3.0, 5.5 and 8.0) and three incubation times (30, 60 and 120 min), with two replicates per treatment. Stability was calculated as the ratio of the residual phytase activity of a treated sample to the non-treated (reference sample) times 100. Phytase activity of the reference samples of rye, wheat and barley was 3.14, 1.77 and 0.66 FTU/g, respectively. Overall, rye showed the highest and barley the lowest stability (0.58 vs. 0.47, P0.90). Wheat and rye phytases were stable at pH 3.0 and 5.5 (20 and 38°C). In experiment two, the effect of shorter period of time (10 and 30 min) was assessed on the stability of cereal phytases. Barley phytase showed the highest residual phytase activity among cereals at 65°C. In experiment three, stability of intrinsic phytase of these feed ingredients was determined after incubation in different concentrations of pepsin (0, 5 and 10 mg/mL) at pH 2.0. Intrinsic phytases of wheat and rye were resistant to pepsin, but barley phytase was susceptible to pepsin and its stability decreased to 0.57 after pre-incubation for 60 min in 5 mg pepsin/mL. This knowledge regarding the effect of T, incubation time and pH on stability of cereal intrinsic phytases may contribute to optimize available P contents of diets, thereby reducing phosphorus excretion of monogastrics.
  • Authors:
    • Fetere, V.
  • Source: Zinatniski praktiskas konference, "Zinatne Latvijas Lauksaimniecibas Nakotnei: Partika, Lopbariba, Skiedra un Energija", Jelgava, Latvia, 23-24 February 2012
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The aim of studies was to define the impact of pre-sown crop winter rye and buckwheat on the plant growth, yield and grain quality of spring cereals. During research there were evaluated the traits characterizing the yield and grain quality of wheat 'Uffo' and barley 'Rasa'. The soil of biological crop rotation within the period of two years on average was processed with 20.1 t ha -1 of buckwheat green manure or 5.4 t ha -1 buckwheat dry matter and 4.2 t ha -1 rye straws or 2.5 t ha -1 dry matter of rye straws. According to the chemical analysis, the buckwheat dry matter contained nitrogen and phosphorus, which was three times higher than dry matter of rye straws, potassium and calcium was two times higher, but magnesium - five times higher than dry matter of rye straws. Spring wheat 'Uffo' (4.36 t ha -1) and spring barley 'Rasa' (3.23 t ha -1) provided significantly (p
  • Authors:
    • Dolezel, J.
    • Krainer, S.
    • Berenyi, M.
    • Platzer, M.
    • Kubalakova, M.
    • Petzold, A.
    • Taudien, S.
    • Simkova, H.
    • Burg, K.
    • Kopecky, D.
    • Fluch, S.
    • Lelley, T.
  • Source: Plos One
  • Volume: 7
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Background: The purpose of the study is to elucidate the sequence composition of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 ( Secale cereale) with special focus on its gene content, because this portion of the rye genome is an integrated part of several hundreds of bread wheat varieties worldwide. Methodology/Principal Findings: Multiple Displacement Amplification of 1RS DNA, obtained from flow sorted 1RS chromosomes, using 1RS ditelosomic wheat-rye addition line, and subsequent Roche 454FLX sequencing of this DNA yielded 195,313,589 bp sequence information. This quantity of sequence information resulted in 0.43* sequence coverage of the 1RS chromosome arm, permitting the identification of genes with estimated probability of 95%. A detailed analysis revealed that more than 5% of the 1RS sequence consisted of gene space, identifying at least 3,121 gene loci representing 1,882 different gene functions. Repetitive elements comprised about 72% of the 1RS sequence, Gypsy/Sabrina (13.3%) being the most abundant. More than four thousand simple sequence repeat (SSR) sites mostly located in gene related sequence reads were identified for possible marker development. The existence of chloroplast insertions in 1RS has been verified by identifying chimeric chloroplast-genomic sequence reads. Synteny analysis of 1RS to the full genomes of Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachyon revealed that about half of the genes of 1RS correspond to the distal end of the short arm of rice chromosome 5 and the proximal region of the long arm of Brachypodium distachyon chromosome 2. Comparison of the gene content of 1RS to 1HS barley chromosome arm revealed high conservation of genes related to chromosome 5 of rice. Conclusions: The present study revealed the gene content and potential gene functions on this chromosome arm and demonstrated numerous sequence elements like SSRs and gene-related sequences, which can be utilised for future research as well as in breeding of wheat and rye.
  • Authors:
    • Asch, F.
    • Gorim, L.
  • Source: Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
  • Volume: 198
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Cereal production systems are increasingly threatened by suboptimal water supply or intermittent drought spells early in the planting season. Seed coated with hydrophilic materials or hydro-absorbers that increase the amount of water available for germination and seedling development is a promising approach to improving stand establishment under changing conditions. Barley, rye and wheat grains with combinations of hydro-absorber, humic acid and Biplantol in different shares of the total seed mass were germinated in plates at 25°C on moist filter paper. Germination rates, resource partitioning and mobilization efficiency were assessed and compared with those of uncoated seeds. Results show a strong influence of coat thickness and composition on the germination rate and the efficiency of mobilization of carbohydrates stored in the endosperm. In general, coating significantly reduced germination rate and total germination as compared to uncoated seeds in all cereals tested. Differences in coating thickness had a distinct effect on germination rate for most combinations of coatings and species. Germination rates increased with increasing coat size. This effect was most pronounced for coatings containing hydro-absorbers and least pronounced for coatings containing humic acid or Biplantol. Coating generally increased the amount of carbohydrates partitioned to the roots, and thick coating increased the efficiency of grain reserve mobilization compared with the uncoated seeds. Differences between species and the implications for coating-related changes in germination metabolism are discussed.
  • Authors:
    • Zie, J.
    • Hagenblad, J.
    • Leino, M.
  • Source: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
  • Volume: 59
  • Issue: 6
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Landrace accessions have long been recognized as an important source of genetic diversity for crop species, and landraces are stored in genebanks across the world as genetic resources for future crop development. Landraces are also an important part of the human cultural heritage and as such they have been used for genetic studies to make inferences about historical agriculture. However, surprisingly little is known about the within-accession diversity of landrace crops of different species. In order to evaluate the diversity of Swedish landraces we used microsatellite markers to genotype accessions of four species (barley, pea, oats and rye), both extant genebank material and 114-year-old seed samples of similar geographic origin and type. We found consistently high levels of within-population genetic diversity in the historical material, but varying and often lower diversity levels in the genebank accessions. We also make tentative conclusions about how representative the genebank material is to what was originally cultivated in its reported area of origin and suggest that the true identity of the genebank accessions is unclear and that historical seed collections should be a more appropriate material for the study of historical agriculture.
  • Authors:
    • Arendt, E.
    • Zannini, E.
    • Bez, J.
    • Czerny, M.
    • Wolter, A.
    • Hager, A.
    • Czerny, M.
  • Source: European Food Research and Technology
  • Volume: 235
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Bread is a major staple food consumed daily in all parts of the world. A significant part of the human population cannot tolerate gluten, a storage protein found in wheat, rye and barley, and therefore, products made from alternative cereals are required. During this study, the bread-making potential of seven gluten-free flours, wheat and wholemeal wheat flour was compared. Fermentation potential of the different flours was determined, showing that dough development height of gluten-free and wholemeal wheat samples was lower than for wheat and oat flour. Apart from standard bread quality parameters such as loaf-specific volume and physical crumb texture, also water activity and shelf life have been determined. The shelf life of gluten-free breads was reduced compared to wheat bread. Aroma profiles were evaluated by a trained panel. Wheat, oat and wholemeal wheat breads were liked moderately, while the remaining samples had lower liking scores. Crumb grain characteristics were investigated using image analysis, and microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, only breads produced from oat flour were of similar quality to wheat bread, and the utilization of buckwheat, rice, maize, quinoa, sorghum and teff flours resulted in breads of inferior quality.
  • Authors:
    • Rickard, I.
    • Holopainen, J.
    • Helama, S.
  • Source: Holocene
  • Volume: 22
  • Issue: 8
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Climate and weather variation affect agricultural productivity, with consequences for both overall food availability and the wider economy. Knowledge of these processes has implications for understanding historical demography and predicting effects of climate change on societies. We studied the relationships between ambient temperature and the yields and prices of principle grains (wheat, rye, barley oats) in Sweden from 1803 to 1914. We found that the annual general crop index (a measure of overall crop yield) correlated negatively with the annual average price of the four grains. Overall temperature during the period of crop growth was related positively to general crop index and negatively to average crop price. At the level of month of crop growth, when the relationship between temperature and general crop index was most positive, that between temperature and average crop price was most negative. This strong structured relationship was found to be consistent when yields of each crop were considered separately, and indicates that the relationships between crop yield and crop price were to a large extent due to the influence of ambient temperature. Price correlations between pairs of crop species were in all cases greater than the correlation of yields. Within individual crops, correlations between price and yield were stronger for those crops for which imports were not available, and which were therefore subject to the weakest influence from rising globalisation. Our analyses demonstrate the sensitivity of historical agriculture to climatic factors, and the extent to which this affected the wider economy. It is likely that the susceptibility of agriculture to climatic risks was ascended by the concomitant climate regime, the 'Little Ice Age'. Moreover, our study period spans the period of rising globalisation, and suggests a weakening influence of prevailing weather on crop prices.
  • Authors:
    • Lamberg-Allardt, C.
    • Kemi, V.
    • Ekholm, P.
    • Itkonen, S.
  • Source: Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
  • Volume: 25
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in foodstuffs is mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to test a method for in vitro digestible phosphorus (DP) analysis and analyse the DP content in variously processed cereal products by an in vitro method combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For DP analysis the samples were treated as chyme by adding alpha-amylase and proteases. The samples were dialysed, using equilibrium dialysis, and the DP was analysed by ICP-MS. The amount of total phosphorus (TP) was also analysed by ICP-MS. In soured wheat and rye breads, the proportion of DP/TP was higher (DP/TP: rye 83%, wheat 78%) than in flours (DP/TP: rye 45%; wheat 43%) or non-soured breads (DP/TP: wheat 46%). This indicates that, during processing, phytic acid degrades and releases soluble inorganic P, which increases the DP content. The DP content in the cereals was significantly lower than the TP content, which indicates that not all dietary P may be absorbed in the human body.