Home
Country
Climate
Cropping System
Country
USA
Brazil
Australia
China
India
Argentina
Italy
Japan
South Africa
Canada
Mexico
France
UK
Uruguay
Pakistan
Spain
Germany
New Zealand
Netherlands
Switzerland
Denmark
Vietnam
Chile
Finland
Ireland
Republic of Korea
Russia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Sweden
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ghana
Norway
Peru
Climate
Humid subtropical (Cwa, Cfa)
Temperate (C)
Steppe (BSh, BSk)
Hot summer continental (Dsa, Dfa, Dwa)
Marintime/Oceanic (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb)
Warm summer continental/Hemiboreal (Dsb, Dfb, Dwb)
Continental (D)
Tropical savannah (Aw)
Desert (BWh, BWk)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)
Tropical (A)
Tropical monsoonal (Am)
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Semiarid
Continental subarctic/Boreal/Taiga (Dsc, Dfc, Dwc)
Arid
Continental subarctic (Dfd, Dwd)
Alpine/Highland (H)
Tundra (ET)
Cropping System
Maize
No-till cropping systems
Wheat
Soybean
Till cropping systems
Cover cropping
Irrigated cropping systems
Oats
Cotton
Conservation cropping systems
Sorghum
Crop-pasture rotations
Legumes
Intercropping
Dryland cropping system
Conventional cropping systems
Cereal crops
Vegetables
Rye
Grazing systems
Fruit
Continuous cropping
Barley
Organic farming systems
Potatoes
Citrus
Perennial agriculture
Canola
Corn
Double Cropping
Tree nuts
Oil palm
Keywords
corn
crop yield
crop rotation
soil organic matter
nitrogen
climate change
carbon sequestration
carbon
Vetch
Corn
rice
Crop yield
emissions
Alabama
Zea mays
carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide
organic carbon
biomass
Carbon sequestration
climate
maize
tillage
Rice
Texas
Triticum
soil
soil organic carbon
Fertilizers
Georgia
Soil fertility
Triticum aestivum
ecology
management
pest management
soil quality
soil types
weed management
wheat
Florida
Soil organic carbon
phosphorus
soil fertility
NITROGEN
greenhouse gases
no-tillage
soil carbon
SYSTEMS
cropping systems
fertilizers
land use
nitrogen fertilizers
Crop residues
New South Wales
Nitrogen
North Carolina
decomposition
fertilizer
herbicides
Carbon
Glycine max
Kansas
agricultural land
crop production
drought
grain yield
poultry litter
Arkansas
Microbial biomass
Radish
application rates
erosion
fertilization
greenhouse gas emissions
nematodes
nitrogen fertilization
CLIMATE-CHANGE
Grain yield
Mississippi
ORGANIC-MATTER
Soil organic matter
air pollution
fallow
grasslands
manure
methane
organic matter
soil management
sugarcane
sustainability
yields
Bangladesh
Missouri
Nitrogen fertilization
Nitrous oxide
Pearl millet
charcoal
conservation tillage
cover crops
crop residue
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1984
2016
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1
2
...
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
...
115
116
201.
Cropping system effects on sorghum grain yield, soil organic carbon, and global warming potential in central and south Texas
Authors
:
Gerik, T. J.
Williams, J. R.
Blumenthal, J. M.
Potter, S. R.
Kemanian, A. R.
Meki, M. N.
Source:
Agricultural Systems
Volume:
117
Year:
2013
Summary:
There is an increased demand on agricultural systems in the United States and the world to provide food, fiber, and feedstock for the emerging bioenergy industry. The agricultural intensification that this requires could have positive and negative feedbacks in productivity and the environment. In this paper we used the simulation model EPIC to evaluate the impact of alternative tillage and management systems on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production in central and south Texas and to provide long-term insights into the sustainability of the proposed systems as avenues to increase agricultural output. Three tillage systems were tested: conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no-tillage (NT). These tillage systems were tested on irrigated and rainfed conditions, and in soils with varying levels of structural erosion control practices (no practice, contour tillage, and contours + terraces). Grain yield differed only slightly across the three tillage systems with an average grain yield of 5.7 Mg ha(-1). Over the course of 100-year simulations, NT and RT systems had higher soil organic carbon (SOC) storage (100 and 91 Mg ha(-1), respectively) than CT (85 Mg ha(-1)), with most of the difference originating in the first 25 years of the simulations. As a result, NT and RT systems showed lower net global warming potentials (GWPs) (0.20 and 0.50 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)) than CT (0.60 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)). Irrigated systems had 26% higher grain yields than rainfed systems; yet the high energy needed to pump irrigation water (0.10 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)) resulted in a higher net GWP for irrigated systems (0.50 vs. 0.40 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)). Contours and contours + terraces had minimal impact on grain yields, SOC storage and GWP. No-till was the single technology with the largest positive impact on GWP and preservation or enhancement of SOC. Overall, the impact of individual tillage cropping systems on GWP seems to be decoupled from the productivity of a given location as determined by weather or soil type. When expressed per unit of output, high yield locations have a much lower GWP than low yield locations and would be therefore prime targets for production intensification. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
202.
Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and net global warming potential from intensively cultivated vegetable fields in southwestern China
Authors
:
Xie, D. T.
Shi, S.
Liu, Y. Y.
Li, J. Q.
Ni, J. P.
Huang, A. Y.
Mu, Z. J.
Hatano, R.
Source:
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Volume:
13
Issue:
3
Year:
2013
Summary:
Vegetable fields in China are characterized with intensive fertilization and cultivation, and their net effect on the global warming deserves attention. Greenhouse gas fluxes were thus measured, using a static closed chamber method, over approximately 18 months in two typical subtropical vegetable fields with different soil types and contrasting soil properties. Five consecutive crops were planted in one field and four in the other. Intensive fertilization consistently stimulated soil N2O emission, while imposed complicated impact on soil respiration with CO2 emission enhanced in one field and suppressed in the other field. The fertilizer-induced N2O emission factors (EFs) varied with individual crop phases and averaged 1.4 to 3.1% across the whole sampling period for different fields. The interaction of soil temperature and moisture could explain about 58% of the seasonal variation in the EFs. All the soils under different vegetable cropping systems were net sources of atmospheric radiative forcing and the net global warming potential over the entire study period ranged from 1,786 to 3,569 g CO2 equivalence m(-2) for fertilized soils with net CO2 emission contributing 53 to 67% and N2O emission occupying the remaining 33 to 47%.
203.
A scan level cotton carbon life cycle assessment: has bio-tech reduced the carbon emissions from cotton production in the USA?
Authors
:
Teague, T. G.
Niederman, Z.
Danforth, D. M.
Nalley, L. L.
Source:
Journal of Cotton Science
Volume:
17
Issue:
2
Year:
2013
Summary:
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are a growing concern for agricultural producers given increased pressure from government, consumers and retail purchasers. This study addresses the changes in greenhouse gas emissions in cotton over time (using years 1997, 2005 and 2008) due to changing production methods including tillage and seed technology. Time series data in this study comes from a single farm in Arkansas with detailed records of seed used, all inputs used (e.g. fertilizers, agrochemicals, irrigation), as well as machinery and tillage type for each of over 121 fields over 11 growing seasons. Results indicate yields increased dramatically (68%) over that time, due primarily to seed technology. At the same time, agrochemical use and fuel use decreased in 2008, primarily due to Bollgard II Roundup Ready Flex seed technology and the resulting reduced tillage. Reduced inputs can result in lower costs for producers, as well as reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing yields with reduction in input use reduces the overall greenhouse gas emissions per pound of cotton produced, resulting in benefits to producers, consumers who demand such traits, and the environment. However, due to the proliferation of glyphosate-resistant pigweed ( Amaranthus palmeri), the decreases in greenhouse gas emissions per pound of cotton that were observed over the past decade may be reversed.
204.
Gas chromatography and photoacoustic spectroscopy for the assessment of soil greenhouse gases emissions.
Authors
:
Higarashi, M. M.
Oliveira, P. A. V. de
Denega, G. L.
Bayer, C.
Silveira Nicoloso, R. da
Correa, J. C.
Santos Lopes, L. dos
Source:
Ciencia Rural
Volume:
43
Issue:
2
Year:
2013
Summary:
Assessments of soil carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions are critical for determination of the agricultural practices' potential to mitigate global warming. This study evaluated the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for the assessment of soil greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes in comparison to the standard gas chromatography (GC) method. Two long-term experiments with different tillage and cropping systems over a Paleudult were evaluated using static chambers. PAS measurements of CO 2 and N 2O concentrations showed good relationship and linearity (R 2=0.98 and 0.94, respectively) with GC results. However, CH 4 measurements were significantly affected by air sample moisture which interfered on CH 4 detection by PAS. Overestimation of CO 2 and N 2O concentrations in air samples determined by PAS (14.6 and 18.7%, respectively) were also related to sampling moisture. CO 2 and N 2O fluxes showed good agreement between methods (R 2=0.96 and 0.95, respectively), though PAS overestimated fluxes by 18.6 and 13.6% in relation to GC results, respectively. PAS showed good sensitivity and was able to detect CO 2 and N 2O fluxes as low as 332 mg CO 2 m -2 h -1 and 21g N 2O m -2 h -1. PAS analyzer should be detailed calibrated to reduce humidity interference on CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O concentrations measurements avoiding overestimation or erroneous determination of soil GHG fluxes.
205.
Quantifying soil carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes in the sugarcane agrosystem: point of view
Authors
:
Pellegrino Cerri,Carlos Eduardo
Galdos,Marcelo Valadares
Nunes Carvalho,Joao Luis
Feigl,Brigitte Josefine
Cerri,Carlos Clemente
Source:
Scientia Agricola
Volume:
70
Issue:
5
Year:
2013
Summary:
Strategies to mitigate climate change through the use of biofuels (such as ethanol) are associated not only to the increase in the amount of C stored in soils but also to the reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. This report mainly aimed to propose appropriate methodologies for the determinations of soil organic carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes in agricultural phase of the sugarcane production. Therefore, the text is a piece of contribution that may help to obtain data not only on soil carbon stocks but also on greenhouse gas emissions in order to provide an accurate life cycle assessment for the ethanol. Given that the greenhouse gas value is the primary measure of biofuel product quality, biorefiners that can show a higher offset of their product will have an advantage in the market place.
206.
The Chinese Grain for Green Programme: Assessing the carbon sequestered via land reform
Authors
:
Xu, J.
Ostwald, M.
Moberg, J.
Persson, M.
Source:
Journal of Environmental Management
Volume:
126
Year:
2013
Summary:
The Grain for Green Programme (GGP) was launched in China in 1999 to control erosion and increase vegetation cover. Budgeted at USD 40 billion, GGP has converted over 20 million hectares of cropland and barren land into primarily tree-based plantations. Although GGP includes energy forests, only a negligible part (0.6%) is planted as such, most of the land (78%) being converted for protection. Future use of these plantations is unclear and an energy substitution hypothesis is valid. We estimate the overall carbon sequestration via GGP using official statistics and three approaches, based on i) net primary production, ii) IPCC's greenhouse gas inventory guidelines, and iii) mean annual increment. We highlight uncertainties associated with GGP and the estimates. Results indicate that crop- and barren-land conversion sequestered 222-468 Mt of carbon over GGP's first ten years, the IPCC approach yielding the highest estimate and the other two approaches yielding similar but lower estimates (approximately 250 Mt of carbon). The carbon stock in these plantation systems yields a mean of 12.3 t of carbon per hectare. Assessment uncertainties concern the use of growth curves not designed for particular species and locations, actual plantation survival rates, and discrepancies in GGP figures (e.g., area, type, and survival rate) at different authority levels (from national to local). The carbon sequestered in above- and below-ground biomass from GGP represents 14% (based on the median of the three approaches) of China's yearly (2009) carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production.
207.
NDVI and CO 2 flow in a soybean crop in Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Authors
:
Moraes, O. L. L. de
Fontana, D. C.
Rodrigues, C. P.
Roberti, D. R.
Source:
Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia
Volume:
28
Issue:
1
Year:
2013
Summary:
The increasing on the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is today one of the main environmental problems, which can significantly affect human activities and land ecosystems. One of the main GHG is CO 2, which has been emitted indiscriminately due to the current lifestyle, as well as the intensification of agricultural activities. In this context, the objective of this investigation was to study the relationship between the spectral behavior of soybean during the crop cycle, using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and the CO 2 fluxes, calculated by the eddy covariance method, generating information and methodology to investigate the carbon exchange in a soybean crop area in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, during the 2008/2009 soybean crop. For this, Landsat images 5 (TM), the phenological information and collected data from micrometeorological station throughout the development cycle of soybean were used. The results showed that the temporal pattern of CO 2 flux during the day was cyclical, showing negative values (capture) during daytime and positive values (liberation) at night. The global solar radiation determines the magnitude of the trapping of CO 2 by soybean, but the flow is modulated by the phenological stage of the crop. The photosynthetic activity of soybean plants is higher during the vegetative stage, coinciding to the higher incidence of solar radiation and the greater photosynthetic apparatus. The NDVI, obtained from Landsat images, is an indicator of the evolution of soybean biomass during the cycle. NDVI and negative CO 2 flow (capture) are correlated during the day. Therefore, remote sensing techniques show potentiality in generating of useful information on CO 2 exchange between the surface and atmosphere.
208.
Carbon dioxide emissions under different soil tillage systems in mechanically harvested sugarcane
Authors
:
Dias, C.
La Scala, N.
Cerri, C.
Silva-Olaya, A.
Cerri, C.
Source:
Environmental Research Letters
Volume:
8
Issue:
1
Year:
2013
Summary:
Soil tillage and other methods of soil management may influence CO2 emissions because they accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon in the soil. This study aimed to quantify the CO2 emissions under conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and reduced tillage (RT) during the renovation of sugarcane fields in southern Brazil. The experiment was performed on an Oxisol in the sugarcane-planting area with mechanical harvesting. An undisturbed or no-till (NT) plot was left as a control treatment. The CO2 emissions results indicated a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between tillage method and time after tillage. By quantifying the accumulated emissions over the 44 days after soil tillage, we observed that tillage-induced emissions were higher after the CT system than the RT and MT systems, reaching 350.09 g m(-2) of CO2 in CT, and 51.7 and 5.5 g m(-2) of CO2 in RT and MT respectively. The amount of C lost in the form of CO2 due to soil tillage practices was significant and comparable to the estimated value of potential annual C accumulation resulting from changes in the harvesting system in Brazil from burning of plant residues to the adoption of green cane harvesting. The CO2 emissions in the CT system could respond to a loss of 80% of the potential soil C accumulated over one year as result of the adoption of mechanized sugarcane harvesting. Meanwhile, soil tillage during the renewal of the sugar plantation using RT and MT methods would result in low impact, with losses of 12% and 2% of the C that could potentially be accumulated during a one year period.
209.
Nitrous oxide flux from komatsuna (Brassica rapa) vegetated soil: a comparison between biogas digested liquid and chemical fertilizer
Authors
:
Inubushi, K.
Iwasa, H.
Dubey, S.
Singla, A.
Source:
Biology and Fertility of Soils
Volume:
49
Issue:
7
Year:
2013
Summary:
Biogas production generates digested slurry as a by-product. It can be used as fertilizer especially after its conversion into digested liquid. A microcosm-based study was conducted in order to compare the effects of single application of digested liquid or chemical fertilizer on N2O flux and crop yield of komatsuna vegetable. Analysis revealed that digested liquid-treated soils released almost equal cumulative N2O (0.43 g N m(-2)) compared to chemical fertilizer (0.39 g N m(-2)). The uncropped soils treated with the digested liquid and chemical fertilizer released more N2O compared to corresponding cropped soils. The N2O emission factor and soil mineral N contents were similar for the digested liquid and chemical fertilizer-treated soils. Plant biomass in the first crop after digested liquid application was significantly higher (5.59 g plant(-1)) than that after applied chemical fertilizer (4.78 g plant(-1)); but there was no significant difference for the second crop. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency was improved by the digested liquid compared to chemical fertilizer. This study indicates that cumulative N2O flux was similar after application of the digested liquid and chemical fertilizer, while the overall yield from both croppings was increased in the digested liquid-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated soil.
210.
Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Environmental Impact of Biochar Implementation in Conservation Agriculture in Zambia
Authors
:
Breedveld, G. D.
Martinsen, V.
Field, J. L.
Sparrevik, M.
Cornelissen, G.
Source:
Environmental Science and Technology
Volume:
47
Issue:
3
Year:
2013
Summary:
Biochar amendment to soil is a potential technology for carbon storage and climate change mitigation. It may, in addition, be a valuable soil fertility enhancer for agricultural purposes in sandy and/or weathered soils. A life cycle assessment including ecological, health and resource impacts has been conducted for field sites in Zambia to evaluate the overall impacts of biochar for agricultural use. The life cycle impacts from conservation farming using cultivation growth basins and precision fertilization with and without biochar addition were in the present study compared to conventional agricultural methods. Three different biochar production methods were evaluated: traditional earth-mound kilns, improved retort kilns, and micro top-lit updraft (TLUD) gasifier stoves. The results confirm that the use of biochar in conservation farming is beneficial for climate change mitigation purposes. However, when including health impacts from particle emissions originating from biochar production, conservation farming plus biochar from earth-mound kilns generally results in a larger negative effect over the whole life cycle than conservation farming without biochar addition. The use of cleaner technologies such as retort kilns or TLUDs can overcome this problem, mainly because fewer particles and less volatile organic compounds, methane and carbon monoxide are emitted. These results emphasize the need for a holistic view on biochar use in agricultural systems. Of special importance is the biochar production technique which has to be evaluated from both environmental/climate, health and social perspectives.