• Authors:
    • NASDA
  • Year: 2004
  • Authors:
    • Scott, A.
    • Ball, B. C.
    • McTaggart, I. P.
    • Akiyama, H.
  • Source: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
  • Volume: 156
  • Issue: 1-4
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Agricultural soil is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3). Little information is available on emissions of these gases from soils amended with organic fertilizers at different soil water contents. N2O, NO and NH3 emissions were measured in large-scale incubations of a fresh sandy loam soil and amended with four organic fertilizers, [poultry litter (PL), composted plant residues (CP), sewage sludge pellets (SP) and cattle farm yard manure (CM)], urea fertilizer (UA) or a zero-N control (ZR) for 38 days. Fertilizers were added to soil at 40, 60 or 80% water-filled pore space (WFPS). The results showed that urea and organic fertilizer were important sources of N2O and NO. Total N2O and NO emissions from UA ranged from 0.04 to 0.62%, and 0.23 to 1.55% of applied N, respectively. Total N2O and NO emissions from organic fertilizer treatments ranged from 0.01 to 1.65%, and <0.01 to 0.55% of applied N, respectively. The lower N2O and NO emissions from CP and CM suggested that applying N is these forms could be a useful mitigation option. Comparison of the NO-N/N2O-N ratio suggested that nitrification was more dominant in UA whereas denitrification was more dominant in the organic fertilizer treatments. Most N was lost from PL and UA as NH3, and this was not influenced significantly by WFPS. Emissions of NH3 from UA and PL ranged from 62.4 to 69.6%, and 3.17 to 6.11% of applied N, respectively.
  • Authors:
    • Kasha, K. J.
    • Maluszynski, M.
    • Forster, B. P.
    • Szarejko, I.
  • Source: Doubled haploid production in crop plants: a manual
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: This manual presents a set of protocols for the production of doubled haploid plants in 22 major crops species including 4 tree species, and includes protocols from different germplasm of the same species. The crops covered include barley, wheat, maize, rice, triticale, rye, oats, durum wheat, timothy grass ( Phleum pratense), ryegrass ( Lolium), rape, broccoli, tobacco, potato, flax/linseed, sugarbeet, asparagus, onion, apple, poplar, cork oak ( Quercus suber), and citrus. All steps of doubled haploid production are detailed from donor plant growth conditions, through in vitro procedures, media composition and preparation, to regeneration of haploid plants and chromosome doubling methods. The practical protocols are supplemented with a list of published protocols for other crop plants, and separate chapters deal with major application of doubled haploids in breeding, mutant production, transgenesis, genetic mapping and genomics.
  • Authors:
    • Kadoya, K.
    • Ishii, T.
  • Source: Journal of Japanese Society for Horticultural Science
  • Volume: 63
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 1994
  • Summary: Effects of several kinds of charcoal applied to soil on citrus growth and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) development were investigated. Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) rootstocks were transplanted to root boxes using the soil mixed with charcoal derived from rice husk, citrus juice sediment or western spruce bark. The trees were inoculated with the spores of Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerdemann and Trappe emend. Walker and Koske. Elongation of the roots in the charcoal treatments was more vigorous than that in the charcoal-free control. The fresh weigths of the root, shoot and the whole tree increased in response to charcoal application. The intensity of VAM infection in any charcoal treatment was higher than that in the control. In particular, the percentage of the infection in the rice husk charcoal plot was 41.5 and P concentration in the leaf exceeded that of the control. In a Citrus iyo orchard, the percentage of VAM infection was 52% in the rice husk charcoal plot, the highest among plots. The intensity in the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge.) plot was next, followed by the third highest rate found in the abandoned plot which had not been cultivated in recent years. The lowest percentage of VAM infection was in a clean-culture plot. A microscopic observation also revealed that in a charcoal-treated plot there were many sites where VAM fungi infected the root.