• Authors:
    • Göksoy, A. T.
    • Sincik, M.
    • Candogan, B. N.
    • Yazgan, S.
    • Bükükcangaz, H.
    • Demirtaş, Ç.
  • Source: African Journal of Biotechnology
  • Volume: 9
  • Issue: 41
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: The aim of the study was to determine the response of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to drought at various stages of development in a sub-humid environment of Turkey. Drought-stress treatments was applied to plants in 2005 and 2006 by withholding irrigation at six critical stages: completely vegetative (fifth trifoliate) (T 2), flowering (T 3), podding (T 4), seed fill (T 5), full bloom+podding (T 6), and podding+seed fill (T 7). Growth and production was compared in each treatment to full irrigated (T 1) and non-irrigated (T 8) controls. Each drought treatment reduced shoot biomass and seed yield compared to well-watered plants, but only non-irrigated plants or plants droughted at vegetative or flowering stages produced fewer seed pods and seeds. Seed protein and oil content was highest among treatments when plants were droughted during the seed filling stage. Yield increased exponentially with crop water use and ranged from 2.1-2.5 tons ha -1 in non-irrigated plants to 3.5-4.0 tons ha -1 in the well-watered controls. However, plants droughted during the vegetative stage of development produced the highest yield per unit of irrigation water applied (that is, irrigation water use efficiency). This research results will be useful for maximizing soybean production and/or seed quality when irrigation water is limited.
  • Authors:
    • Kuznetsov, P. I.
    • Danilenko, Yu P.
    • Kolobanov, N. S.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Productivity of winter-hardy (oat, vetch and pea) and thermophyte (Sudan grass, soya, and sunflower) cultivars grown in mixtures and as single crops was studied in the Volgograd region, Russia. Data on total water consumption and productivity of cultivars depending on application of NPK-compounds as well as nutritional value and chemical composition of forage are summarized in 3 tables. Authors concluded that cold resistant fodder crops provide full forage supply for the period of 1-31 June, thermophyte cultivars provide supply for the period from 15 July to 15 August (with the second harvest of Sudan grass from 1-20 September). The third harvest of Sudan grass is possible in favorable weather conditions in the first half of October.
  • Authors:
    • Vuscan, A.
    • Brejea, R.
    • Bara, L.
    • Bara, C.
    • Samuel, A.
    • Borza, I.
    • Sandor, M.
    • Domuta, C.
    • Domuta, C.
  • Source: Research Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Volume: 42
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: This paper based on the research carried out during 2006-2008 in Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea on a preluvosoil. All the soil profile are low acid (6.11-6.8), humus content (1.44-1.75%) is small and total nitrogen is low median (0.127-0.157). After 30 years of good soil management, good practices the soil phosphorus content became very good (from 22.0 ppm to 150.8 ppm) on ploughing depth, potassium content (124.5 ppm) is median. The source of irrigation water was a drill of 15 m depth. Irrigation water quality was very good: pH=7.2; Na +=12.9; mineral residue=0.5 g/l; CSR=-1.7; SAR=0.52. Ten to ten days determination of the soil moisture on 0-75 cm depth emphasized the presence of the pedological drought every year: 39 days in 2006; 104 days in 2007 and 81 days in 2008; soil moisture decreased below wilting point every year too: 5 days in 2006 and 2008 and 6 days in 2007. Irrigation use - 1100 m 3/ha in 2006, 2900 m 3/ha in 2007, 3350 m 3/ha in 2008 - for maintaining the soil water reserve between easily available water content and field capacity determined the improve of the soybean microclimate. The values of de Mrtonne aridity index (IdM) for optimum irrigated soybean characterized the microclimate like "wet" in 2006 (IdM=45.2) and 2007 (IdM=44.2) and like "wet I" in 2008 (IdM=53.4). Irrigation suspending in the different months of the soybean irrigation season determined a smaller values of IdM and a worse microclimate, too. The biggest soybean yield were obtained in the irrigated variant without irrigation suspending in the soybean irrigation season: 3510 kg/ha in 2006, 3170 kg/ha in 2007 and 4050 kg/ha in 2008. In comparison with this variant the yield losses from unirrigated variant were of 25.4% in 2006; of 81.7% in 2007 and of 66.6.% in 2008; the yield losses are very significant statistically. Very significant statistically are the yield losses from the variants with irrigation suspending in the months of soybean irrigation season, too. The inverse link between pedological drought and yield and the direct link between de Martonne and yield sustain, too the need of the irrigation for pedological drought control and for microclimate improve in soybean from Crisurilor Plain.
  • Authors:
    • Sabău, N. C.
    • Samuel, A.
    • Brejea, R.
    • Domuța, C.
    • Borza, I.
    • Bara, C.
    • Bara, L.
    • Vușcan, A.
    • Ciobanu, G.
    • Gîtea, M.
    • Moza, A.
    • Jurca, A.
    • Șandor, M.
    • Domuța, C.
  • Source: Research Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Volume: 42
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: The paper is based on the research carried out during 2007-2009 in the long term trial placed in 1990 on the preluvosoil from Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea. The preluvosoil from the research field is characterized by the presence of the horizons Bt 1 (34-54 cm depth) and Bt 2 (54-78 cm depth); the colloid clay eluviation determined to appear the El horizon with 31.6% colloid clay. On 0-20 cm depth, the soil has a big percentage of macroaggregates (Phi >0.25 mm), 47.5% bulk density is of 1.41 g/cm 3 and total porosity is median one, hydraulic conductivity is of 21.0 mm/h. The values of the pH indicates a low acid soil, humus, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content are low. The source of irrigation water was a drill of 15 m depth. The chemical parameters of the irrigation water were the following: fixed mineral residue 0.5 g/l; SAR index 0.52; CSR index=-1.7%; N. Florea class=II; there are not some problems regarding the use of irrigation use. There are two factors of the experiment: crop rotation (wheat-monocrop, maize-wheat; maize-soybean-wheat) and water regime (unirrigated; irrigated). Optimum water provisionment was assured in the irrigated variant maintaining the soil water reserve between easily available water content on 0-50 cm depth. The biggest protein and gluten content were determined in the wheat grains from maize-soybean-wheat crop rotation both in unirrigated and irrigated variant and the smallest values were registered in the wheat monocrop. In the irrigated variant the smaller values protein, wet and dry gluten were registered but the differences are unsignificant. The research results emphasized the importance of the crop rotation to obtain an wheat yield with good panification index. The research results are part in the project: PN-II-ID-PCE-2008 2; 690/2009 "The study of influences of some technological elements upon the wheat yield quality in the conditions of the North-Western part of Romania".
  • Authors:
    • Petersen, J. L.
    • Melvin, S. R.
    • Irmak, S.
    • Martin, D. L.
    • Donk, S. J. van
    • Davison, D. R.
  • Source: Transactions of the ASABE
  • Volume: 53
  • Issue: 6
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Competition for water is becoming more intense in many parts of the U.S., including west-central Nebraska. It is believed that reduced tillage, with more crop residue on the soil surface, conserves water, but the magnitude of water conservation is not clear. A study was initiated on the effect of residue on soil water content and corn yield at North Platte, Nebraska. The experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on plots planted to field corn ( Zea mays L.). In 2005 and 2006, soybean was grown on these plots. There were two treatments: residue-covered soil and bare soil. Bare-soil plots were created in April 2007. The residue plots were left untreated. In April 2008, bare-soil plots were recreated on the same plots as in 2007. The experiment consisted of eight plots (two treatments with four replications each). Each plot was 12.2 m * 12.2 m. During the growing season, soil water content was measured several times in each of the plots at six depths, down to a depth of 1.68 m, using a neutron probe. The corn crop was sprinkler-irrigated but purposely water-stressed, so that any water conservation in the residue-covered plots might translate into higher yields. In 2007, mean corn yield was 12.4 Mg ha -1 in the residue-covered plots, which was significantly (p=0.0036) greater than the 10.8 Mg ha -1 in the bare-soil plots. Other research has shown that it takes 65 to 100 mm of irrigation water to grow this extra 1.6 Mg ha -1, which may be considered water conservation due to the residue. In 2008, the residue-covered soil held approximately 60 mm more water in the top 1.83 m compared to the bare soil toward the end of the growing season. In addition, mean corn yield was 11.7 Mg ha -1 in the residue-covered plots, which was significantly (p=0.0165) greater than the 10.6 Mg ha -1 in the bare-soil plots. It would take 30 to 65 mm of irrigation water to produce this additional 1.1 Mg ha -1 of grain yield. Thus, the total amount of water conservation due to the residue was 90 to 125 mm in 2008. Water conservation of such a magnitude will help irrigators to reduce pumping cost. With deficit irrigation, water saved by evaporation is used for transpiration and greater yield, which may have even greater economic benefits. In addition, with these kinds of water conservation, more water would be available for competing needs.
  • Authors:
    • Paulino, J.
    • Zolin, C. A.
    • Folegatti, M. V.
    • Sanchez-Roman, R. M.
    • Bezerra, M. O.
  • Source: Informe Agropecuario
  • Volume: 31
  • Issue: 259
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Irrigation is important in the context of food, since each irrigated hectare is equivalent to 3-ha of irrigation in physical productivity and 7-ha in economic productivity. Given this importance and the fact that Brazil has different water availability from other countries, there was an approach to irrigated agriculture in the country, considering the irrigated area at the regional and state based on 2006 Census of Agriculture. Brazil has currently an area of 4.45 million hectares cultivated with irrigation being the largest irrigating the Southeast Region, followed by the South, Northeast, Midwest and Northeast. Among the crops, sugar cane, rice, soyabeans and maize stand out in irrigated area. The irrigation method used is more for sprinkling (no pivot), followed by flood, centre pivot, and located in the groove.
  • Authors:
    • Zhang, J. P.
    • Sun, J. S.
    • Liu, Z. G.
    • Qiu, X. Q.
    • Duan, A. W.
    • Gao, Y.
    • Wang, H. Z.
  • Source: Agricultural Water Management
  • Volume: 98
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: In a field experiment in the Yellow River Basin conducted in 2007 and 2008, it was found that, under full irrigation, the roots of maize not only penetrated deeper than those of soybean but also extended into soybean stands underneath the space between inner rows of soybean. The roots of soybean, however, were confined mainly to the zone near the plants. Horizontal growth of the roots of both the crops was confined mainly to the soil layer 16-22 cm below the surface, a layer that lay above an existing plough pan. Root length density (RLD) was much higher in the top layer (0-30 cm deep) and in the zone closer to the plants. The exponential model proved suitable to describe the RLD vertically and horizontally in both sole cropping and in intercropping.
  • Authors:
    • Wang, H. Z.
    • Chen, J. P.
    • Zhang, J. P.
    • Qiu, X. Q.
    • Duan, A. W.
    • Gao, Y.
  • Source: Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture
  • Volume: 18
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: In this study, a radiation interception and utilization model was developed through an experiment on maize/soybean intercropping systems with different intercropping proportions of maize and soybean to assess crop growth and yield. In the model, crop biomass and yield are calculated as functions of photosynthetic active radiation ( PAR), radiation interception fraction ( F) and radiation use efficiency ( RUE). PAR is estimated from ratios of PAR to solar radiation (). F is calculated by using the Keating and Carberry equation. Time for emergence, flowering and maturity are determined by growing degree days ( GDD) since planting. Results indicate that the model accurately simulates total biomass and yield of fully irrigated maize/soybean intercropping system.
  • Authors:
    • Guerra, L. C.
    • Persson, T.
    • Garcia y Garcia, A.
    • Hoogenboom, G.
  • Source: Agricultural Water Management
  • Volume: 97
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Studies on irrigation scheduling for soybean have demonstrated that avoiding irrigation during the vegetative growth stages could result in yields as high as those obtained if the crop was fully irrigated during the entire growing season. This could ultimately also lead to an improvement of the irrigation water use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different irrigation regimes (IRs) on growth and yield of four soybean genotypes and to determine their irrigation water use efficiency. A field experiment consisting of three IR using a lateral move sprinkler system and four soybean genotypes was conducted at the Bledsoe Research Farm of The University of Georgia, USA. The irrigation treatments consisted of full season irrigated (FSI), start irrigation at flowering (SIF), and rainfed (RFD); the soybean genotypes represented maturity groups (MGs) V, VI, VII, and VIII. A completely randomized block design in a split-plot array with four replicates was used with IR as the main treatment and the soybean MGs as the sub-treatment. Weather variables and soil moisture were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby, while rainfall and irrigation amounts were recorded with rain gauges located in the experimental field. Samplings for growth analysis of the plant and its components as well as leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height were obtained every 12 days. The irrigation water use efficiency ( IWUE) or ratio of the difference between irrigated and rainfed yield to the amount of irrigation water applied was estimated. The results showed significant differences ( P
  • Authors:
    • Guo, C. H.
    • Li, R.
    • Ma, J.
    • Guo, D. L.
  • Source: Journal of Hazardous Materials
  • Volume: 178
  • Issue: 1/3
  • Year: 2010
  • Summary: Nitrobenzene is a synthetic compound widely used in industry which can lead to environmental pollution. While the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nitrobenzene on humans and animals have been studied, less is known about its genotoxicity to plants. In this study, the genotoxic effects of nitrobenzene were investigated with growing soybean seedlings in solution culture. Compared with the control, the growth of soybean seedlings (taproot length, longest lateral root length and lateral roots number) decreased and showed statistics difference at nitrobenzene test concentration of 50 and 100 mg/L. Micronucleus, chromosomal bridge and others chromosomal aberrations were observed in soybean root tip cells exposed to nitrobenzene. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased linearly with nitrobenzene test concentration between 5 and 50 mg/L and decreased at 100 mg/L which showed significant difference between control and 25 mg/L or higher test concentration. Results of the present study suggest that nitrobenzene has genotoxicity on soybean root tip cells. The mechanism of genotoxicity of NB needs further study. It is concluded that high environmental levels of nitrobenzene in rivers, lakes and dam waters are hazardous to aquatic species and to irrigated plants.