• Authors:
    • Menzies, J. G.
    • Haber, S. M.
    • Fetch, T. G.,Jr.
    • Chong, J.
    • Ames, N.
    • Brown, P. D.
    • Fetch, J. W. M.
    • Tekauz, A.
    • Townley-Smith, T. F.
    • Stadnyk, K. D.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
  • Volume: 91
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Stainless is a grey-hulled spring oat ( Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance gene, Pc91, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. Stainless could possibly also carry one or more of the crown rust resistance genes, Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68. It had very good resistance to loose and covered smut, good resistance to the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2, Pg13, and Pga) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Stainless had high kernel weight, intermediate percent plump kernels, intermediate percent thin kernels, and high levels of total dietary fibre. Stainless exhibited high yielding capacity in the eastern portion of the Black soil zone of western Canada where resistance to rust diseases is important. Stainless was supported for registration by the Prairie Grain Development Committee in February 2007. Stainless was registered (Reg. No. 6422) on 2008 Apr. 07.
  • Authors:
    • Menzies, J. G.
    • Haber, S. M.
    • Fetch, T. G.,Jr.
    • Chong, J.
    • Ames, N.
    • Brown, P. D.
    • Fetch, J. W. M.
    • Tekauz, A.
    • Townley-Smith, T. F.
    • Stadnyk, K. D.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
  • Volume: 91
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Summit is a white-hulled spring oat ( Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39, Pc48, and Pc68, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13) and is resistant to moderately resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Summit has good kernel weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Summit exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Summit was registered (Reg. No. 6529) in Canada 2008 November 29.
  • Authors:
    • Cavariani, C.
    • Gazola, E.
  • Source: BIOSCIENCE JOURNAL
  • Volume: 27
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The objective of this research was to evaluate crop yield and some characteristics and yield components of transgenic soybean cultivars sown after different winter cover crops in the first year under no tillage system. The experimental design was the completely randomized block with split plots and four replications. The main plots consisted of five winter cover crops, white oat ( Avena sativa L.), forage turnip ( Raphanus sativus L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and ground pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and an area under fallow (spontaneous vegetation). The subplots consisted of six soybean cultivars (BRS 243 RR, BRS 245 RR, BRS 247 RR, BRS 255 RR, BRS 256 RR and BRS 244 RR). Variance analysis for agronomic characteristics showed that soybean yield components were influenced by the interaction between winter crop and soybean cultivar. Thus, final population, number of nodes and pods per plant, nodes dry matter per plant, number of grains per pod and grain yield were affected significantly. When soybean nodulation was evaluated, the treatment with the area under fallow showed lower values. There was difference among winter crops for BRS 243 RR grain yield, white oat showed the highest values.
  • Authors:
    • Gutierrez-Gonzalez, J.
    • Garvin, D.
  • Source: Plant Genome
  • Volume: 4
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Genome research on oat ( Avena sativa L.) has received less attention than wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) because it is a less prominent component of the human food system. To assess the potential of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon (L) P. Beauv. as a surrogate for oat genome research, the whole genome sequence (WGS) of B. distachyon was employed for comparative analysis with oat genetic linkage maps. Sequences of mapped molecular markers from one diploid Avena spp. and two hexaploid oat maps were aligned to the B. distachyon WGS to infer syntenic relationships. Diploid Avena and B. distachyon exhibit a high degree of synteny with 18 syntenic blocks covering 87% of the oat genome, which permitted postulation of an ancestral Avena spp. chromosome structure. Synteny between oat and B. distachyon was also prevalent, with 50 syntenic blocks covering 76.6% of the 'Kanota' * 'Ogle' linkage map. Coalignment of diploid and hexaploid maps to B. distachyon helped resolve homeologous relationships between different oat linkage groups but also revealed many major rearrangements in oat subgenomes. Extending the analysis to a second oat linkage map (Ogle * 'TAM O-301') allowed identification of several putative homologous linkage groups across the two oat populations. These results indicate that the B. distachyon genome sequence will be a useful resource to assist genetics and genomics research in oat. The analytical strategy employed here should be applicable for genome research in other temperate grass crops with modest amounts of genomic data.
  • Authors:
    • Jimenez-Munoz, J.
    • Sobrino, J.
    • Julien, Y.
  • Source: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
  • Volume: 13
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Several previous studies have shown that the inclusion of the LST (Land Surface Temperature) parameter to a NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based classification procedure is beneficial to classification accuracy. In this work, the Yearly Land Cover Dynamics (YLCD) approach, which is based on annual behavior of LST and NDVI, has been used to classify an agricultural area into crop types. To this end, a time series of Landsat-5 images for year 2009 of the Barrax (Spain) area has been processed: georeferenciation, destriping and atmospheric correction have been carried out to estimate NDVI and LST time series for year 2009, from which YLCD parameters were estimated. Then, a maximum likelihood classification was carried out on these parameters based on a training dataset obtained from a crop census. This classification has an accuracy of 87% (kappa=0.85) when crops are subdivided in irrigated and non-irrigated fields, and when cereal crops are aggregated in a single crop, and performs better than a similar classification from Landsat bands only. These results show that a good crop differentiation can be obtained although detailed crop separation may be difficult between similar crops (barley, wheat and oat) due to similar annual NDVI and LST behavior. Therefore, the YLCD approach is suited for vegetation classification at local scale. As regards the assessment of the YLCD approach for classification at regional and global scale, it will be carried out in a further study.
  • Authors:
    • Schuh, R.
    • Loffaguen, J.
    • Epping, J.
    • Costa, M.
    • Kunze, A.
    • Lovato, P.
  • Source: REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIA DO SOLO
  • Volume: 35
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Cover crops may difffer in the way they affect rhizosphere microbiota nutrient dynamics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cover crops on soil phosphatase activity and its persistence in subsequent crops. A three-year experiment was carried out with a Typic Quartzipsamment. Treatments were winter species, either mycorrhizal black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) or the non-mycorrhizal species oilseed radish ( Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg) and corn spurry ( Spergula arvensis L.). The control treatment consisted of resident vegetation (fallow in the winter season). In the summer, a mixture of pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum L.) with sunnhemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.) or with soybean ( Glycine max L.) was sown in all plots. Soil cores (0-10 cm) and root samples were collected in six growing seasons (winter and summer of each year). Microbial biomass P was determined by the fumigation-extraction method and phosphatase activity using p-nitrophenyl-phosphate as enzyme substrate. During the flowering stage of the winter cover crops, acid phosphatase activity was 30-35% higher in soils with the non-mycorrhizal species oilseed radish, than in the control plots, regardless of the amount of P immobilized in microbial biomass. The values of enzyme activity were intermediate in the plots with corn spurry and black oat. Alkaline phosphatase activity was 10-fold lower and less sensitive to the treatments, despite the significant relationship between the two phosphatase activities. The effect of plant species on the soil enzyme profile continued in the subsequent periods, during the growth of mycorrhizal summer crops, after completion of the life cycle of the cover crops.
  • Authors:
    • Carvalho, P. C. de F.
    • Sulc, R. M.
    • Moraes, A. de
    • Pelissari, A.
    • Lang, C. R.
    • Lopes, E. C. P.
  • Source: Scientia Agraria
  • Volume: 12
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Producers seeking higher corn ( Zea mays) production efficiency have pursued more sustainable, integrated systems. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on corn yield and yield components in an integrated crop-livestock production system. The experiment was conducted on the experimental farm Fazenda Capao da Onca of the Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Brazil during the 2002/2003 harvest. Treatments were replicated four times in a split-plot randomization of a randomized complete block design. Whole plot treatments were two N rates (0, 150 kg ha -1) with and without grazing applied to a winter cover crop of black oat and Italian ryegrass established in April 2002 and desiccated prior to planting the corn in October 2002. Sequentially, treatments were four N rates (0, 75, 150, 225 kg ha -1) applied to the corn. The corn presented an increasing yield in relation to increasing N rates in plots without neither grazing nor N fertilization during winter; however, grazing allows for higher corn yields with lower N rates.
  • Authors:
    • Kim, H.
    • Kim, K.
    • Choi, J.
    • Kim, T.
    • Park, J.
    • Kim, Y.
    • Yoo, J.
    • Lee, M.
  • Source: Korean Journal of Crop Science
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Varietal and annual variations in the contents of beta-glucan fractions per weight grain samples were examined in sixteen covered and eighteen naked barley and five oat cultivars developed in Korea. Also, the effect of pearling on beta-glucan content was investigated. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble beta-glucan fractions were 5.25, 3.72, and 1.53%, respectively, in covered barley, and 5.86, 3.51, and 2.35%, respectively, in naked barley. Soluble beta-glucan content was higher in covered barley, though total beta-glucan content higher in naked barley. The total and insoluble beta-glucan contents were higher in pearled grains. Total beta-glucan content was higher in waxy barley than in non-waxy barley. Duwonchapssalbori, a two-rowed and waxy naked barley cultivar, was highest in total, soluble and insoluble beta-glucan contents. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between total beta-glucan and soluble beta-glucan contents both in covered and naked barley. There were significant annual variations in total beta-glucan content in barley. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble beta-glucans of oat cultivars were 4.33, 3.44, and 0.89%, respectively. Contents of all fractions of beta-glucans were higher in barley than in oat. These results would be useful for the breeding of high beta-glucan variety and also for the use barley and oat as value-added food ingredients.
  • Authors:
    • Villegas-Romero, I.
    • Santos, M.
    • Pajares, G.
    • Macedo-Cruz, A.
  • Source: Sensors
  • Volume: 11
  • Issue: 6
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The aim of this paper is to classify the land covered with oat crops, and the quantification of frost damage on oats, while plants are still in the flowering stage. The images are taken by a digital colour camera CCD-based sensor. Unsupervised classification methods are applied because the plants present different spectral signatures, depending on two main factors: illumination and the affected state. The colour space used in this application is CIELab, based on the decomposition of the colour in three channels, because it is the closest to human colour perception. The histogram of each channel is successively split into regions by thresholding. The best threshold to be applied is automatically obtained as a combination of three thresholding strategies: (a) Otsu's method, (b) Isodata algorithm, and (c) Fuzzy thresholding. The fusion of these automatic thresholding techniques and the design of the classification strategy are some of the main findings of the paper, which allows an estimation of the damages and a prediction of the oat production.
  • Authors:
    • Foster, A.
    • Malhi, S.
  • Source: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
  • Volume: 42
  • Issue: 19
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Annual cover crops compete with underseeded perennial forages for light, moisture, and nutrients and may suppress their establishment and growth. Field experiments were established in 2000 and 2001 at Nipawin and in 2002 and 2003 at Melfort in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the effects of seeding rates of cover crops of oat (19, 38, and 112 kg ha -1) and barley (31, 62, and 124 kg ha -1) on forage dry-matter yield (DMY) of the cover crop cut as greenfeed in the seeding year, DMY of the underseeded meadow bromegrass-alfalfa mixture in the following 1 or 2 years after establishment, and forage quality [concentration of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)]. In the first establishment year, the no cover crop treatment produced considerably less DMY than the treatments with cover crops. Oat seeded at 112 kg ha -1 produced greater DMY than when it was seeded at 19 or 38 kg ha -1 in all four site-years, but DMY differences between the 19 or 38 kg ha -1 seeding rates were not significant in any site-year. For barley, there was no significant difference in DMY among the three seeding rates in 2000, 2001, and 2002. In 2003, barley seeded at 62 or 124 kg ha -1 produced greater DMY than when it was seeded at 31 kg ha -1, but DMYs were not significantly different between the 62 and 124 kg ha -1 seeding rates. The use of a cover crop did reduce DMY in 2003 of bromegrass-alfalfa mixture underseeded in 2002, but the type of cover crop and its seeding rate did not appear to affect DMY in any site-year. Forage quality in the seeding year was consistently superior in no cover crop treatment compared to that in treatments with cover crops, especially related to CP concentration. There was no consistent trend of forage quality in the cover crop treatments, indicating cover crops and their seeding rates had little effect on forage quality. In conclusion, oat appeared to be more sensitive to seeding rate than barley for forage DMY in the establishment year, but in the subsequent 1 or 2 years after establishment there was little effect of cover crop type and its seeding rate on DMY of bromegrass-alfalfa mixture, although DMY was considerably greater in the no cover treatment than that in treatments with cover crops in 1 site-year.