• Authors:
    • Spera, S.
    • Fontaneli, R.
    • Santos, H.
    • Maldaner, G.
  • Source: PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA BRASILEIRA
  • Volume: 46
  • Issue: 10
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The objective of this work was to assess energy conversion and balance of integrated crop-livestock production systems, under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out from 2001 to 2008. From 2001 to 2002, the following systems were evaluated: 1, wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture+common vetch/corn; 2, wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture+common vetch+ryegrass/corn; 3, wheat/soybean and black oat pasture+common vetch/millet pasture; 4, wheat/soybean and black oat pasture+common vetch+rygrass/millet pasture; 5, wheat/soybean, white oat/soybean, and black oat pasture+common vetch/millet pasture; 6, wheat/soybean, white oat/soybean, and black oat pasture+common vetch+rygrass/millet pasture. From 2003 to 2008, the following systems were evaluated: 1, wheat/soybean, and common vetch/corn; 2, wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture/corn; 3, wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture/soybean; 4, wheat/soybean, and field pea/corn; 5, wheat/soybean, common vetch/soybean, and double purpose triticale/soybean; and 6, wheat/soybean, double purpose white oat/soybean, and double purpose wheat/soybean. Corn showed highest returned energy in comparison to the other grain crops, and to winter and summer annual pastures. Of the winter cover crops and green manure species evaluated, field pea was the most efficient in energy conversion. Systems 1, 2, and 4, from 2003 to 2008, had the most efficient energy balance.
  • Authors:
    • Goncalves, M.
    • Vitorino, A.
    • Souza, L.
    • Silva, D.
  • Source: Bragantia
  • Volume: 70
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Soil physical degradation, like compaction, reduces water movement and root development. Soil structure is considered one of most importance to agriculture and closely related to it are other fundamental properties in soil-plant relationship. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of crop sequences on physical attributes. The research was realized in 2004/05 and 2005/06 growing seasons, in a Typic Clayey Rhodic Hopludox, under eight years of no-tillage system, at Dourados (MS). The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Treatments were constituted by cover crops: sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), sunnhemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), mixture of sunnhemp+black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb), and mixture of black oat+hairy vetch+oilseed radish ( Raphanus sativus L. Var. oliferus Metzg). Differences were not observed in soil density, porosity and aggregation rate when it was cultivated with sunflower, hairy vetch, sunnhemp, or the mixtures. Differences were observed in soil physical properties between 0-5 cm layer and 5-10 cm-10-20 cm layers, but no differences between 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers. Soil carbon trend to higher contents in crops with high production of surface residues, although differences in carbon contents were insufficient to modify aggregation.
  • Authors:
    • Garcez, F.
    • Bacchi, L.
    • Gavassoni, W.
    • Silva, F.
  • Source: Summa Phytopathologica
  • Volume: 37
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The effects of crop residues and their extracts on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are not well documented. Three experiments were conducted with crop residues and their ethanol and partition extracts. Oat, vetch, bean, pearl millet, corn and wheat were assessed under controlled conditions. Sclerotia covered with oat, vetch, bean and pearl millet residues did not germinate carpogenically. Ethanol extracts of oat and vetch residues were efficient in inhibiting carpogenic germination whereas pearl millet and wheat did not differ from control. All partitioned ethanol extracts inhibited germination. Crop residues negatively affected the number of apothecia per sclerotium.
  • Authors:
    • Carneiro, L.
    • Furtini Neto, A.
    • Silva, T.
    • Paludo, V.
  • Source: SEMINA-CIENCIAS AGRARIAS
  • Volume: 32
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: This work aimed to evaluate biomass production and phosphorus uptake by cover crops growing in two different soil types fertilized with two different sources of phosphorus. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition, at the Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras. The experimental set up was a completely randomized design, in a 5*2*2 factorial scheme, testing five cover crops ( Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Avena strigosa - oat cv. Common and Lupinus albus L. - lupine cv. Common), two P fertilizers (triple superphosphate - ST and rock phosphate araxa - FA), and two soil types (Oxisol - LVdf and Entisol - RQo), with four replications. Doses of phosphate used were 90 and 50 mg.dm -3 of P, based on the total P 2O 5 in LVdf and RQo, respectively. Plants were harvested 70 days after seedling emergence. In both soils, shoot and root biomass was higher in the ST treatment than in FNA treatment. This was probably due to the higher P accumulation in the plants. Satisfactory vegetative cover was observed when oat was cultivated using ST as a P source. For lupine, best results were obtained using FA as a P source.
  • Authors:
    • Costa, O.
    • Ziech, M.
    • Nornberg, J.
    • Bermudes, R.
    • Viegas, J.
    • Skonieski, F.
    • Meinerz, G.
  • Source: REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
  • Volume: 40
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of species intercropped with ryegrass on the botanical and structural composition and the nutritional values of pastures in an agroecological transition system. It was evaluated ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercropped with black oats ( Avena strigosa Schreb.), white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and forage peanut ( Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Gregory). It was used a complete random design with three treatments and three repetitions. The first grazing was done 21 days after emergence of the plants on the pastures with ryegrass and black oats and ryegrass and forage peanuts and 28 days after emergence on the pasture of ryegrass+white clover. The second grazing, on the pasture with ryegras+black oats, occurred 30 days after the first one, whereas on the other pastures, grazing occurred 37 days later. The rates of dry matter (DM) accumulation, from the beginning of period of exclusion until maximal production of dry matter were: 77.7; 75.0 and 71.3 kg/ha/day of DM for the pastures intercropped with white clover, forage peanut and black cover, respectively. Leaf/culm ratio until second grazing, was high on all pastures. Reduction on contents of crude protein according to exclusion days on ryegrass+black oat pasture is lower than on pastures of ryegrass intercropped with white clover or forage peanut.
  • Authors:
    • Macak, M.
    • Smatana, J.
  • Source: Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica
  • Volume: 14
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The research of crop rotation pattern and field homogenization was carrying out during 2000-2010 at company Agrokarpaty Plavnica Ltd in Slovakia. The average temperature of the site during growing period is 14.9degreesC and a sum of precipitation 438 mm. The fields are situated at 300-450 m above the see level. Total acreage of arable land is 380 ha. Share of medicinal plants varied from 85 ha to 145 ha during evaluated period. The main growing medicinal and spices plants are as follows: Galega officinalis L, Medicago sativa L, Hypericum perforation L, Mentha piperita L, Melissa officinalis L, Calendula officinalis L, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Carum carvi L., Achilea milefolium L, Agrimonia eupatoria L, Matricaria recutita L, Plantago lanceolata L, Malva mauritiana L. As a forecrop red clover ( Trifolium pratense L), winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L), spring barley ( Hordeum sativum L.) and oat ( Avena sativa L.) have been growing. The management practices of "Agrokarpaty Plavnica" are in full compliance with the good agricultural practices (GAP). The high priority is maintenance of soil fertility and sustain of nutrients, mainly nitrogen. The green manure, cover crop, growing of legumes and compost from own productions are used. Two steps for designing have been suggested (i) Field consolidation and homogenisation of field for crop rotations area, (ii) Proposal of crop rotation pattern. The interested area is characterized by low production potential of 8 classes of soil production categories. We have proposed new cropping pattern of 14 fields with total acreage of 180.11 ha with average field 12.87 ha. Share of medicinal and spices plants is 68.27%, share of red clover 14.29% and spring cereals 17.46%. The design of propose crop rotation allows to use organic manure mainly before medicinal plants growing for leaves drug, and incorporation of cover crops for maintenance of soil fertility. Supposed crop rotation pattern complies with basic principles of crop rotation and sustainable agriculture.
  • Authors:
    • Muys, B.
    • Hermy, M.
    • Govers, G.
    • Pina, A.
    • Valckx, J.
  • Source: Pedobiologia
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: Supplement 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Some of the widely used cover crops in temperate agroecosystems (including species of the Brassicaceae and Poaceae) have been shown to exhibit allelopathic effects. In particular, various Brassicaceae have been reported to act as biofumigants against a variety of soil-borne pests through the release of i.a. isothiocyanates (ITC) from glucosinolate precursors. Although these allelochemicals may potentially reduce the need for application of synthetic pesticides, their effects on beneficial soil ecosystem engineers such as earthworms (Lumbricidae) have not been assessed yet. Food choice chambers were used to assess short-term food preferences of Lumbricus terrestris L. for lacy phacelia ( Phacelia tanacetifolia BENTH.), the Poaceae Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum LAM.) and oats ( Avena sativa L.), and the Brassicaceae yellow mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) and rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) while litter bags were used to study long-term litter preference under field conditions. Habitat preference of L. terrestris was determined through simple habitat preference units. Ryegrass residues were a preferred food resource, both in fresh and partly decomposed state, over mustard, phacelia or rapeseed residues, and these were in turn more fed on than oats. Litter disappeared at a fast and variable rate from litter bags under field conditions. No clear relationships with residue C:N ratio were observed. Habitats in which living oat plants were present were avoided in comparison to habitats with bare soil or yellow mustard plants. In conclusion, brassicaceous cover crops are not preferred nor avoided by L. terrestris compared to the other cover crops in this study. Decreased ITC release and earthworm exposure under field conditions may further lower the risk of harmful effects, but further research on the long-term impact is needed.
  • Authors:
    • Hallikainen, A.
    • Kostiainen, E.
    • Turtiainen, T.
  • Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
  • Volume: 102
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: A survey was carried out on the activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in cereal grains produced in Finland. The cereal species were wheat ( Triticum aestivum), rye ( Secale cereale), oats ( Avena sativa) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare), which account for 90% of the Finnish consumption of cereal products. The survey consisted of 18 flour and 13 unprocessed cereal samples and one hulled grain sample from 22 flour mills. According to the results, the mean 210Pb/ 210Po concentrations in wheat grains, wheat flour, rye flour, oat grains and barley grains were 0.29, 0.12, 0.29, 0.36 and 0.36 Bq kg -1, respectively. Combined with the consumption rates of the products, we assess that the mean effective doses from 210Pb and 210Po in cereal products for the adult male and female population are 22 and 17 Sv per year, respectively.
  • Authors:
    • Urashima, A.
    • Silva, C.
  • Source: Journal of Phytopathology
  • Volume: 159
  • Issue: 11/12
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea ( Pyricularia grisea) is a disease that occurs in many important gramineous plants in Brazil such as rice, wheat, triticale and barley. In 2005, the presence of this disease was reported on black oat ( Avena strigosa) at different locations of Parana state. Due to little information of M. grisea that is infecting this host, this work aimed to characterize it at molecular, sexual and pathogenic level. DNA analysis showed that M. grisea from black oat formed a homogenous and genetic distinct group of its own, different from other hosts, including rice, wheat, triticale and barley. Isolate 15720 was an exception, because it was similar to wheat isolate. There was no sexual compatibility between M. grisea from oat and other tested hosts. In pathogenic terms, isolates of M. grisea from oat infected triticale, wheat, rye, millet, barley, sorghum and rice; cross-inoculation was positive with wheat, triticale, rice and barley.
  • Authors:
    • Rychcik, B.
    • Wachowska, U.
    • Kurek, K.
  • Source: Progress in Plant Protection
  • Volume: 51
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The health status of flag leaves and stem bases of hulled oats cv. Chwat grown in the ecological and conventional systems was determined in a field experiment conducted in 2008-2010. The soccurrence of leaf diseases was low. Leaf spots caused by Pyrenophora avenae and Stagonospora avenae covered up to 6% flag leaf area. The applied farming systems had no significant effect on the health status of the flag leaves and stem bases of hulled oat. More numerous colonies communities of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria and yeast-like fungi were isolated from the grain of hulled oat grown in the conventional system, as compared with the ecological system. Alternaria alternata was the predominant species among the of filamentous fungi. Colonies of pathogens of the genus Fusarium and the species Bipolaris sorokiniana were also isolated. Filamentous fungi, including B. sorokiniana, tended to colonize oats kernels in the ecological farming system.