• Authors:
    • Postnikov, P. A.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2005
  • Summary: The use of green manure in barley cultivation was studied in Sverdlovsk region, Russia in 1998-2000. The green manure treatments studied were control, peas, peas + oats, oilseed rape, winter cress and Sudan grass. Data on yield, chemical composition, nutrient value and amino acid content of barley are tabulated. The highest productivity (50.8, 51.4 and 51.5) was achieved for treatments with peas, oilseed rape and winter cress [ Barbarea vulgaris], respectively.
  • Authors:
    • Brandsater, L. O.
    • Løes, A. K.
    • Riley, H.
  • Source: European weed research society. Proceedings of the 6th EWRS workshop on physical and cultural weed control, Lillehammer, Norway, 8-10 March, 2004
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Due to official regulations, Norwegian agriculture is divided into cereal cropping areas with very little animal husbandry, and areas with high livestock density in the coastal and mountain regions. Stockless organic farming requires a good management of green manure crops. This paper presents crop rotations designed for organic farming with low livestock density, combining weed control and nutrient supply. Rotation 1 consists of green manure, followed by barley with subcropped legume, oats and peas, green manure or winter rye, rye, ryegrass-clover, and late planted rapeseed. Rotation 1 is designed for a full-time farmer with good access to cultivated land, where 66% of the land is used for cereals and rapeseed, and 34% for green manure. Rotation 2 consists of cereal or lettuce, followed by 4-5 rotations of ley, then potatoes, green manure, cabbage with early mulch, and carrots with late mulch. Rotation 2 is designed for a part-time farmer with less farmland who wants to keep the land in shape and produce some cash crops, but cannot manage to cultivate all the farmland intensively. Forty-four percent of the land is then used for vegetables and herbs, and 56% to produce mulch or green manure crops. Green manure and mulch leys must be cut regularly to control perennial weeds.
  • Authors:
    • Riley, H.
    • Løes, A. K.
    • Brandsæter, L. O.
  • Source: European weed research society. Proceedings of the 6th EWRS workshop on physical and cultural weed control, Lillehammer, Norway, 8-10 March, 2004
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Due to official regulations, Norwegian agriculture is divided into cereal cropping areas with very little animal husbandry, and areas with high livestock density in the coastal and mountain regions. Stockless organic farming requires a good management of green manure crops. This paper presents crop rotations designed for organic farming with low livestock density, combining weed control and nutrient supply. Rotation 1 consists of green manure, followed by barley with subcropped legume, oats and peas, green manure or winter rye, rye, ryegrass-clover, and late planted rapeseed. Rotation 1 is designed for a full-time farmer with good access to cultivated land, where 66% of the land is used for cereals and rapeseed, and 34% for green manure. Rotation 2 consists of cereal or lettuce, followed by 4-5 rotations of ley, then potatoes, green manure, cabbage with early mulch, and carrots with late mulch. Rotation 2 is designed for a part-time farmer with less farmland who wants to keep the land in shape and produce some cash crops, but cannot manage to cultivate all the farmland intensively. Forty-four percent of the land is then used for vegetables and herbs, and 56% to produce mulch or green manure crops. Green manure and mulch leys must be cut regularly to control perennial weeds.
  • Authors:
    • Ostergard, H.
    • Pedersen, S.
    • Kjellsson, G.
    • Holm, P. B.
    • Gylling, M.
    • Buus, M.
    • Boelt, B.
    • Andersen, S. B.
    • Tolstrup, K.
    • Mikkelsen, S. A.
  • Source: DIAS Report, Plant Production
  • Issue: 94
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: The paper focuses on the possible sources of dispersal (cross pollination, seed dispersal, vegetative dispersal, dispersal by farming machinery, dispersal during handling and transport) from genetically modified crop production to conventional and organic production, the extent of dispersal and the need for control measures, and the possible control measures for ensuring the co-existence of genetically modified production with conventional and organic production systems. Specific sections are provided on the crops currently genetically modified in Denmark or likely to be within the next few years (oilseed rape, maize, beet, potatoes, barley, wheat, triticale, oats, rye, forage and amenity grasses, grassland legumes, field peas, faba beans and lupins, and vegetable seeds). Brief discussions on the legislation, seed production, monitoring and analytical methods used, and measures to ensure crop purity (such as reducing pollen dispersal, reducing seed dispersal, adopting cultural methods reducing pollen and seed dispersal) are also presented.
  • Authors:
    • FAO
    • FAO
  • Year: 2002
  • Authors:
    • Hoyt, G. D.
    • Walgenbach, J. F.
    • Hummel, R. L.
    • Kennedy, G. G.
  • Source: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
  • Volume: 93
  • Issue: 1-3
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC, USA. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically-based, biologically-based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato) were employed from 1995 to 1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips (Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera)) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in 3 of 4 years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) damage on tomato was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, damage by thrips and pentatomids (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) increasing each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. Most insect populations were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. Foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Authors:
    • Blackshaw, R. E.
    • Anderson, R. L.
    • Derksen, D. A.
    • Maxwell, B.
  • Source: Agronomy Journal
  • Volume: 94
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: Cropping systems in the northern Great Plains (NGP) have evolved from wheat Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotations to diversified cropping sequences. Diversification and continuous cropping have largely been a consequence of soil moisture saved through the adoption of conservation tillage. Consequently, weed communities have changed and, in some cases, become resistant to commonly used herbicides, thus increasing the complexity of managing weeds. The sustainability of diverse reduced tillage systems in the NGP depends on the development of economical and effective weed management systems. Utilizing the principle of varying selection pressure to keep weed communities off balance has reduced weed densities, minimized crop yield losses, and inhibited adverse community changes toward difficult-to-control species. Varied selection pressure was best achieved with a diverse cropping system where crop seeding date, perennation, and species and herbicide mode of action and use pattern were inherently varied. Novel approaches to cropping systems, including balancing rotations between cereal and broadleaf crops, reducing herbicide inputs, organic production, fall-seeded dormant canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa), and the use of cover crops and perennial forages, are discussed in light of potential systems-level benefits for weed management.
  • Authors:
    • Dabbert ,S.
    • Häring, A.
    • Piorr, A.
    • Stolze, M.
  • Source: Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy
  • Year: 2000
  • Authors:
    • Rossoni-Longnecker, L.
    • Janke, R. R.
    • Drinkwater, L. E.
  • Source: Plant and Soil
  • Volume: 227
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2000
  • Summary: Abstract In 1988 an experiment was established at the Rodale Institute Experimental Farm to study weed control and nitrogen (N) management in rotations with grain crops and N-fixing green manures under reduced tillage without the use of herbicides. Tillage intensities ranging from moldboard plow (MP) to continuous no-till (NT) were compared. We present results for maize production in 1994, the seventh year of the experiment. Our goal was to further investigate reduced tillage regimes that alternated no-till with different forms of primary tillage in legume-based systems. In the chisel-disc (CD) and MP treatments comparable yields were achieved under so-called organic (weeds controlled with cultivation and green manure N source) and conventional management (weeds controlled with herbicides and mineral N fertilizer applied). Weed competition in these treatments was minimal and the N status of maize plants was essentially the same regardless of the N source (fertilizer or green manure). Of the four organic no-till maize treatments, only the mixed-tillage system with cultivation for weed control (CD-NTc) produced yields comparable to conventional NT maize. The fate of vetch N as well as temporal N dynamics were largely determined by tillage intensity and the handling of the vetch residues at maize planting. Treatments with primary tillage (CD and MP) had extremely high levels of mineral N early in the season and had greater average net N-mineralization, even though N content of hairy vetch in these treatments was equal to or lower than that in treatments with mow-killed vetch. In terms of soil mineral N concentrations, the CD-NTc treatment was similar to the other mow-killed vetch/no-till maize treatments. However, N availability in this treatment was greater, probably due to more complete decomposition of green manure residues. Cultivation for weeds not only helped control weeds but also increased mineralization of the vetch residues, which in turn increased the N supply during the period of maximum N demand by the maize. Carefully designed rotations combining tillage reductions with the use of leguminous N sources can have multiple benefits, including improved timing of N availability, reduced herbicide applications, and improved soil quality in the long term.
  • Authors:
    • Zalom, F. G.
    • van Bruggen, A. H. C.
    • Lanini, W. T.
    • Klonsky, K. M.
    • Ferris, H.
    • Clark, M. S.
  • Source: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
  • Volume: 68
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 1998
  • Summary: The effectiveness, economic efficiency, and environmental impact of pest management practices was compared in conventional, low-input, and organic processing tomato and field corn systems in northern California. Pests, including arthropods, weeds, pathogens, and nematodes, were monitored over an 8-year period. Although both crops responded agronomically to the production-system treatments, arthropods, pathogens, and nematodes were found to play a relatively small role in influencing yields. In contrast, weed abundance was negatively correlated with tomato and corn yields and appeared to partially account for lower yields in the alternative systems compared to the conventional systems. Lower pesticide use in the organic and low-input systems resulted in considerably less potential environmental impact but the economic feasibility of reducing pesticide use differed dramatically between the two crops. The performances of the organic and low-input systems indicate that pesticide use could be reduced by 50% or more in corn with little or no yield reduction. Furthermore, the substitution of mechanical cultivation for herbicide applications in corn could reduce pest management costs. By contrast, pesticide reductions in tomato would be economically costly due to the dependence on hand hoeing as a substitution for herbicides. Based on the performance of the low-input and organic tomato systems, a 50% pesticide reduction would increase average pest management costs by 50%.