• Authors:
    • Reyneri, A.
  • Source: Informatore Agrario
  • Volume: 68
  • Issue: 17
  • Year: 2012
  • Authors:
    • Ross, A.
  • Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
  • Volume: 60
  • Issue: 36
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids, with homologues ranging from C17 to C25, found in high concentrations in whole grain wheat and rye, lower concentrations in barley, and negligible concentrations in refined wheat flour. The analysis of alkylresorcinols is of importance due to their potential as biomarkers of whole grain intake and emerging evidence for some biological effects. Present HPLC methods have insufficient resolution for accurately quantitating the mix of alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols found in rye. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography method was developed, and three detection methods (CoulArray (CAED), ultraviolet (UV), and fluorescence detection (FD)) were compared for cereal alkylresorcinol analysis. The lower limits of quantitation and detection were 50 and 20 pg injected, 5 pg and 2 pg injected, and 500 and 1250 pg injected for FD, CAED, and UV, respectively. FD and CAED provided similar results, with some bias for higher results with FD (
  • Authors:
    • Vaivode, A.
    • Balodis, O.
    • Gaile, Z.
    • Kreita, D.
    • Malecka, S.
    • Skrabule, I.
    • Ruza, A.
    • Katamadze, M.
  • Source: Zinatniski praktiskas konference, "Zinatne Latvijas Lauksaimniecibas Nakotnei: Partika, Lopbariba, Skiedra un Energija"
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: In order to obtain significant data about the plant nutrient utilization from mineral fertilizers and maximum allowed dosages of fertilizers, a project, financed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, was started in the year 2008. The aim of the project was to determine the utilization indicators of mineral fertilization, mainly nitrogen fertilization, on different nitrogen fertilization application dosages, also the maximum limit of and economically substantiated nitrogen fertilization dosages in different regions of Latvia depending on the year under the variable meteorological conditions. Different important field crops were used within the project: winter rye, winter and spring wheat, winter and spring oilseed rape, spring barley and potatoes. Field trials were established in research stations in different regions of Latvia: at the Research and Study Farm 'Vecauce" of the Latvia University of Agriculture; at the Research and Study Farm 'Peterlauki' of the Latvia University of Agriculture; at State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute and State Priekuli Field Crops Breeding Institute. Plant nutrition nitrogen agronomic efficiency from mineral fertilizers changed depending on the nitrogen fertilizing norm and yield. The specific results were observed concerning the nitrogen and potassium utilization, also the result differed between crops.
  • Authors:
    • Lartey, R.
    • Jabro, J.
    • Caesar-Tonthat, T.
    • Lenssen, A.
    • Sainju, U.
    • Evans, R.
    • Allen, B.
  • Source: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
  • Volume: 93
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Management practices may influence dryland soil N cycling. We evaluated the effects of tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice on dryland crop biomass (stems and leaves) N, surface residue N, and soil N fractions at the 0-20 cm depth in a Williams loam from 2004 to 2008 in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were two tillage practices (no-tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), two crop rotations (continuous spring wheat [ Triticum aestivum L.] [CW] and spring wheat-barley [ Hordeum vulgaris L.] hay-corn [ Zea mays L.]-pea [ Pisum sativum L.] [W-B-C-P]), and two cultural practices (regular [conventional seed rates and plant spacing, conventional planting date, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height] and ecological [variable seed rates and plant spacing, delayed planting, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height]). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH 4-N, and NO 3-N. Crop biomass N was 30% greater in W-B-C-P than in CW in 2005. Surface residue N was 30-34% greater in NT with the regular and ecological practices than in CT with the regular practice. The STN, PON, and MBN at 10-20 and 0-20 cm were 5-41% greater in NT or CW with the regular practice than in CT or CW with the ecological practice. The PNM at 5-10 cm was 22% greater in the regular than in the ecological practice. The NH 4-N and NO 3-N contents at 10-20 and 0-20 cm were greater in CT with W-B-C-P and the regular practice than with most other treatments in 2007. Surface residue and soil N fractions, except PNM and NO 3-N, declined from autumn 2007 to spring 2008. In 2008, NT with W-B-C-P and the regular practice gained 400 kg N ha -1 compared with a loss of 221 kg N ha -1 to a gain of 219 kg N ha -1 in other treatments. No-tillage with the regular cultural practice increased surface residue and soil N storage but conventional tillage with diversified crop rotation and the regular practice increased soil N availability. Because of continuous N mineralization, surface residue and soil N storage decreased without influencing N availability from autumn to the following spring.
  • Authors:
    • Jones, J.
    • Porter, C.
    • Orsini, R.
    • Seddaiu, G.
    • Roggero, P.
    • Sanctis, G.
  • Source: European Journal of Agronomy
  • Volume: 40
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The differential impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) of applying no tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT, i.e. mouldboard ploughing), along with three rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (0, 90 and 180 kg ha -1 y -1), was studied under rain-fed Mediterranean conditions in a long-term experiment based on a durum wheat-maize rotation, in which crop residues were left on the soil (NT) or incorporated (CT). Observed SOC content following 8 and 12 years of continuous treatment application was significantly higher in the top 10 cm of the soil under NT than CT, but it was similar in the 10-40 cm layer. NT grain yields for both maize and durum wheat were below those attained under CT (on average 32% and 14% lower respectively) at a given rate of N fertilizer application. Soil, climate and crop data over 5 years were used to calibrate DSSAT model in order to simulate the impact of the different management practices over a 50-year period. Good agreement was obtained between observed and simulated values for crops grain yield, above-ground biomass and observed SOC values. Results from the simulations showed that under NT the weeds growing during the intercrop fallow period made a significant contribution to the observed SOC increase. When the contribution of the weed fallow was considered, NT significantly increased SOC in the top 40 cm of the soil at an average rate of 0.43, 0.31 and 0.03 t ha -1 per year, respectively for 180, 90 and 0 kg N ha -1 year -1, within the simulated 50 years. Under CT, a significant SOC increase was simulated under N180 and a significant decrease when no fertilizer was supplied.
  • Authors:
    • Schenke, E.
  • Source: Julius-Kuhn-Archiv
  • Volume: 2
  • Issue: 434
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Early autumn herbicide application in winter cereals is in many areas a reasonable agronomic procedure. ADDITION with the well-known active ingredients diflufenican (40 g/l) and pendimethalin (400 g/l) is a new combination for weed control in winter wheat, barley, rye and triticale. Early post emergence application of 2.5 l/ha includes these advantages: unrestricted selectivity to various application conditions for all kinds and varieties of winter cereals and wide efficacy spectrum to broad-leaved weeds. The specific feature of ADDITION is a complementary and overlapping efficacy spectrum. Within the overlapping spectrum diflufenican and pendimethalin affect the same weed varieties with different modes and on different sites of action. HRAC rates diflufenican to group F1 and pendimethalin to group K1. These different modes of action are the basis for variety specific resistance management. According to increasing discussions of weed resistance, ADDITION is a strong partner to set up a successful long term resistance management. Favorable restrictions are allowing a wide application range of ADDITION.
  • Authors:
    • Karas, J.
    • Hruskova, M.
    • Svec, I.
    • Hofmanova, T.
  • Source: Czech Journal of Food Sciences
  • Volume: 30
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The baking quality in the sets of both commercial and variety wheat samples (80 and 18 items) and wheat composite flour (standard and 25 blends) was evaluated in terms of the Solvent retention capacity method (AACC 56-11). Composites were prepared from a commercial fine wheat flour and commercial bio-wholemeal flour prepared by milling of common wheat, rye, oat, barleys and corn at substitution levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The commercial wheat quality testing ANOVA revealed the major effect of the sample tested form; the data measured for grain and flour proved to be correlated. Besides, the harvest year affected the baking quality to a greater degree than the growing locality. Within the variety wheat set, the harvest year factor dominated over that of the wheat cultivar one with the exception of the sodium carbonate retention capacity. In the case of the wheat flour substitution by bio-cereal flour types, the added amount of the alternative flour supported only the quantitative change caused by the incorporated cereal in all four retention capacities.
  • Authors:
    • Szendrei, Z.
  • Source: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
  • Volume: 143
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Habitat diversification can influence the interactions of insects with plants and this can be used in agroecosystems for the management of pest populations. Plant diversification can be achieved through planting crops, such as trap crops, or by adjusting weed management. Aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a polyphagous species that uses cereals, vegetables, and weeds as host plants. The influence of weeds on M. quadrilineatus abundance was investigated experimentally in carrot [ Daucus carota L. cv. Canada (Apiaceae)] field plots by adjusting the level of management of two groups of weeds (broadleaf and grass) and by comparing it to weed-free plots. The preference of M. quadrilineatus for different cereal and weed species relative to carrots was tested in choice test assays. Habitat context influenced the abundance of M. quadrilineatus in the field experiments. The presence of border crops such as oat, rye, barley, wheat, and triticale did not significantly attract or repel this insect to carrot plots compared to the no-border treatment. However, spelt-bordered plots had 42% fewer M. quadrilineatus than three treatments, triticale, wheat, and barley, that had the highest insect abundance. The type of weed management affected M. quadrilineatus abundance in carrot plots, but not the frequency of herbicide application. Plots that had carrot growing with broadleaf-weeds had about 59% fewer M. quadrilineatus compared with those growing with crabgrass or carrot alone. In the greenhouse choice tests, grasses (e.g., cereals) attracted and broadleaf-weeds repelled M. quadrilineatus relative to carrots. In summary, carrot growers may be able to manage this pest by reducing the interaction of cereal cover crops with carrots and eliminating grassy weeds in commercial production fields.
  • Authors:
    • Shewry, P.
    • Tatham, A.
  • Source: Journal of Cereal Science
  • Volume: 55
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: The last review of the S-poor prolamins was published in 1995. Since then there has been a considerable increase in out knowledge of this interesting and unique group of proteins. The advances in the understanding of genetics and polymorphisms of the proteins are discussed including the available gene sequences and their alignments and consensus sequences. This group of prolamins are implicated as major allergens in WDEIA and wheat allergy and as immunodominant proteins in coeliac disease. The epitopes and their distribution throughout the protein sequences are reviewed. Their structure and physical chemistry is discussed in relation to their functional properties.
  • Authors:
    • Cui, Z. L.
    • Zhang, F. S.
    • Chen, X. P.
    • Li, F.
    • Zhao, R. F.
    • Meng, Q. F.
    • Yue, S. C.
  • Source: AGRONOMY JOURNAL
  • Volume: 104
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Investigating critical N concentration, that is, the minimum N concentration necessary to achieve maximum growth, provides insights into N nutrition and can serve as a guide to improving agricultural practices and regulations. Our objectives were to evaluate N dilution curves for deficient, optimal, and excess added N and to determine the critical N dilution curve for winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain (NCP) based on 15 N fertilization experiments with three to six N fertilization rates. The N supplements significantly affected the N dilution curve, and increased N supply generally resulted in a greater N concentration. The critical N dilution curve for winter wheat was described by the equation nitrogen concentration (N c)=4.15 W -0.38 when aboveground biomass was between 1 and 10 Mg dry matter (DM) ha -1. When aboveground biomass was <1 Mg DM ha -1, the constant critical value N c=4.15% DM, which was independent of aboveground biomass. This curve was lower than that of winter wheat in France. This critical N dilution curve was validated through the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) defined as the ratio between measured N concentration and critical N c. The critical N dilution curve holds promise as an efficient tool for guiding N-fertilization practices and regulations for winter wheat production in the NCP.