• Authors:
    • Postolache, A.
  • Source: Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Consumption needs for agricultural and food products evolve with the economic and social development. Providing optimum standards of food consumption is a difficult problem because of influences of different factors, including diversity and mobility needs of the consumer and the great variety of possibilities to meet them. For local producers to compete with producers of other districts and particularly those of foreign markets with competitive bidding, local producers must be to develop new elements of competitiveness (Brands, marketing innovations, supply services, adapting to the single market, major investment efforts, etc.). And adapt quality standards in production and marketing. This paper aims to analyze the results of the production of cereal grains in related communities perirbane area of Iasi in the period 2009-2011 as well as highlighting research on culture and territorial distribution of cereal grains in the same area. The analyze of the indicator' system pointed out that in Iasi, corn is the best profitable culture, followed by: barley, wheat, rye and oat.
  • Authors:
    • Mikkola, H.
    • Rajaniemi, M.
    • Ahokas, J.
  • Source: Agronomy Research
  • Volume: 9
  • Issue: Special Issue I
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The aim of this study was to analyze greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oats, barley, spring wheat and rye production in Finland. The GHG emissions were analyzed in a conventional production chain, direct drilling chain and reduced tillage chain. The greenhouse gases were analyzed per kilogram grain (kg CO 2-eq. kg -1) and hectare (kg CO 2-eq. ha -1). The main part of the GHG emissions of the grain production chain originated from fertilizer manufacturing and soil. Soil emissions were a result of using N-fertilizer which induced N 2O emission and liming which induced CO 2-emission. GHG emissions from soil were about half of all emissions of grain production. Therefore, the N-fertilizer application rate had a strong direct and indirect effect on the GHG emissions. Wheat (2,330 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1) and rye (2,270 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1) had higher GHG emissions per hectare than oats and barley. The main reason for this was the higher application rate of N-fertilizer. The emissions of oats and barley were 1,800 and 1,930 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1. The yield had a strong impact on the emissions per kilogram of grain. Oats (570 g CO 2-eq. kg -1), barley (570 g CO 2-eq. kg -1) and wheat (590 g CO 2-eq. kg -1) had lower greenhouse emissions than rye. A low grain yield together with high N-fertilizer application rate caused higher greenhouse gas emission for rye (870 g CO 2-eq. kg -1). Direct drilling and reduced tillage resulted in some lower GHG emissions than conventional tillage. However, differences between production chains were minor.
  • Authors:
    • Amarante, I.
    • Machado, J.
    • Fontaneli, R.
    • Santos, H.
  • Source: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Gaucha
  • Volume: 17
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The effects of soil management systems and crop rotation on sorghum yield characteristics agronomic were evaluated during the period 2003/04 to 2010/11 at EmbrapaTrigo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Four soil management systems: (1) no tillage, (2) minimum tillage, conventional tillage using a disk plow and a disk harrow, and (4) conventional using a moldboard and a disk harrow; and three crop rotation system I (wheat/soybean), system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/sorghum), and system III (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean and common vetch/sorghum) were compared. An experimental design of blocks at random, with split-plots and three replications, was used. The main plot was formed by the soil management systems, while the split-plot constituted of the crop rotation systems. Minimum tillage and no-tillage presented higher yield of sorghum, while conventional tillage using a moldboard plow remained in intermediate position and tillage using disk plow the lowest yield of sorghum. The yield of sorghum grown after common vetch in system II was higher than yield obtained for sorghum after common vetch in system I. No significant differences were observed in sorghum characteristics agronomic as a result of soil management and crop rotation systems.
  • Authors:
    • Kawamura, O.
    • Mallmann, C.
    • Itano, E.
    • Ono, E.
    • Takabayashi, C.
    • Santos, J.
    • Hirooka, E.
  • Source: Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
  • Volume: 28
  • Issue: 8
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using a monoclonal antibody for deoxynivalenol (DON) detection in wheat and flour was standardised and validated (detection limit - 177.1 g kg -1) and its performance was compared with LC-MS, (quantification limit=140 g kg -1). DON recovery ranged from 88.7% to 122.6% for wheat grain and from 70.6% to 139.3% for flour. Among the 38 wheat samples evaluated, DON was detected in 29 samples (76.3%) by ic-ELISA (281.6-12 291.4 g kg -1) and in 22 samples (57.9%) by LC-MS (155.3-9906.9 g kg -1). The 0.93 correlation coefficient between ic-ELISA and LC-MS data in 19 positive DON wheat samples demonstrated the reliability and efficiency of ic-ELISA. Results indicated that standardised ic-ELISA was suitable for DON screening in wheat samples and the need for continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in foodstuffs.
  • Authors:
    • Kadziuliene, Z.
    • Sarunaite, L.
  • Source: Grassland farming and land management systems in mountainous regions. Proceedings of the 16th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Gumpenstein, Austria, 29th-31st August, 2011
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The potential of white clover to supply winter cereals with biologically fixed N was investigated in an experiment conducted on a loamy Cambisol. Spring barley, white clover as pure-sown crops, and clover with barley cover crops were established in the spring of the first experimental year. In the autumn, wheat was direct drilled into differently sown and managed clover to form a bi-cropping system. In other treatments wheat was conventionally sown after ploughing in of pre-crops. In the autumn of the second year, winter rye was conventionally drilled into the plots. The N content of pre-crop residues incorporated into the soil was higher in clover treatments with the barley cover crop. The wheat grain yield was higher (5.3-6.0 t ha -1) after ploughing in clover. The grain yield was significantly lower in the bi-cropping system and varied depending on the treatments (1.3-4.7 t ha -1); however, the yield was high for an organic crop rotation. The highest N concentrations in wheat grain yield were observed in bi-cropping. The winter rye grain yield was higher after differently direct drilled wheat (2.7-3.5 t ha -1) compared with that of conventionally drilled wheat (1.7-2.05 t ha -1). N concentration in rye grain was higher after a bi-cropping system had been used.
  • Authors:
    • Serban, G.
    • Ittu, M.
    • Ciuca, M.
    • Ittu, G.
    • Saulescu, N. N.
    • Mustatea, P.
  • Source: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding
  • Volume: 47
  • Issue: Special Issue
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Rye has already proven to be a good donor of genes for improving important traits and diversity in wheat breeding. The agronomic advantages of wheat-rye translocations, as well as their detrimental pleiotropic effects, were shown to be dependent on the source of the transferred rye chromatin. This justifies continued effort for introgression of rye genes from various sources into various wheat backgrounds. There are still many genes of interest for wheat improvement, not yet transferred, that are available in the rye genome. This paper describes the strategy applied at the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea (Romania), to take advantage of the existence of intensive breeding programs in both winter wheat and triticale, and presents some of the results obtained so far by applying this strategy, in obtaining lines with common bunt, barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) and other diseases resistances, as well as improved seedling vigour and crop spectral reflectance.
  • Authors:
    • Brazhnikova, T.
    • Shpakov, A.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 10
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The article presents the main results of research into productivity and nutritive qualities of grain forage of winter wheat, winter rye, winter triticale, barley, and oats, on sodpodzolic soils in the Central natural and economical area.
  • Authors:
    • Diekmann, J.
    • Singh, M.
    • Masri, S.
    • Ryan, J.
    • Sommer, R.
  • Source: Soil & Tillage Research
  • Volume: 115/116
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Sustainability of dryland cropping is a major issue in the typical Mediterranean climatic environment of West Asia and North Africa. Management of crop residues and soil organic matter (SOM) and its interrelationship with tillage and crop rotation is of central importance for maintaining soil quality and sustaining crop yields. We examined the medium-term influence of conventional moldboard plowing compared with shallow tillage, under barley-vetch and barley-vetch-wheat-vetch rotation, with different levels of straw management (burned, removed, or incorporated) and compost addition (10 Mg ha -1 every 2 or 4 years) on the distribution with soil depth (0-30 cm) of SOM, total organic nitrogen (N tot), and labile as well as microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Shallow tillage increased SOM in 0-20 cm across all residue management treatments by on average 2.7 g kg -1. Compost addition every 2 years instead of burning or removing residues significantly increased N tot in 0-20 cm by 0.22 g kg -1, doubled labile N and C in 0-5 cm depth, and increased the ratio of labile N to N tot in 0-20 cm by 4%. Consequently, SOM accumulated in the labile pool, which reacts readily to changes in soil management practice, but which may also be depleted as quickly. Thus, shallow tillage in combination with compost addition can help build-up of SOM, and therefore soil quality. Under conditions of intensive cultivation, where crop residues are not in demand for livestock fodder, the system assessed constitutes a new agronomic direction under dryland agriculture in the Mediterranean region.
  • Authors:
    • Klein, V.
    • Denardin, J.
    • Escosteguy, P.
    • Spera, S.
    • Santos, H.
  • Source: Revista Agrarian
  • Volume: 4
  • Issue: 14
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The goal of the work was to evaluate the effects of soil tillage and crop rotation systems in the restrictive chemical attributes and plant production of grain crops of two layers of soil. The experiment was carried out in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, after more than two decades without limestone application. The design was randomized blocks, schedule of split plots, with three modes of soil tillage and crop rotations. It was evaluated the effect on grain yield and dry matter of the shoot of winter ( Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa and Vicia sativa) and summer ( Glycine max and Sorghum bicolor) crops. The effect of these factors in soil chemical attributes has also been evaluated according to the layer of soil (0 to 6.7 and 6.8 to 20 cm). The effects of soil tillage and crop rotation influenced the grain yields of crops of wheat and sorghum only, in addition to the mass of the shoots of soybean crop. Chemical soil attributes were not influenced by the interaction of factors studied, being little influenced by crop rotation. In all treatments, the results indicated a surface layer (0 to 6.7 cm) with a nutrient concentration, and other subsurface (6.8 to 20 cm) compacted and acid. In the surface layer the values of chemicals attributes were appropriated for the developing cropping evaluated. There were no differences between the amounts of organic matter and the particulate fraction. In the layer subsurface, in all treatments, the attributes of the soil acidity were restrictive to plant development.
  • Authors:
    • Denardin, J.
    • Klein, V.
    • Escosteguy, P.
    • Spera, S.
    • Santos, H.
  • Source: Revista Agrarian
  • Volume: 4
  • Issue: 14
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of different soil tillage and crop rotation systems in the restrictive physical attributes and plant production of grain crops of two layers of soil. The experiment was carried out in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, a dystrophic Red Latosol, after more than two decades without application of limestone. Treatments tested were three soil tillage and three crop rotations, to assess the effect on grain yield and dry mass of shoots of crops. The effect of these treatments on the soil physical attributes (soil bulk density, soil porosities, natural clay, soil mechanical resistance and saturated soil hydraulic conductibility) was also measured by the soil layers analyzed. The interaction between management of soil and crop rotation influenced the yield of grain crops of wheat and sorghum, in addition to the mass of air part and soybean crop. Soil physical attributes were not influenced by the interaction of factors studied, being little influenced by crop rotation. In all treatments, physical attributes results indicated a layer (0 to 6.7 cm) not compacted and another (6.8 to 20 cm) compacted. In the 0 to 6.7 cm layer, the differences of physical attributes were not important between the treatments. In the compacted layer, the notill has zero value for least limiting water range thus being considered restrictive to the development of plants.