• Authors:
    • Darwin, R.
  • Source: Climatic Changer
  • Volume: 66
  • Issue: 1-2
  • Year: 2004
  • Authors:
    • Jones, P. G.
    • Atieno, F.
    • Kruska, R. L.
    • McCrabb, G.
    • Thornton, P. K.
    • Reid, R. S.
  • Source: Environment, Development and Sustainability
  • Volume: 6
  • Issue: 1-2
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Climate change science has been discussed and synthesized by the world's best minds at unprecedented scales. Now that the Kyoto Protocol may become a reality, it is time to be realistic about the likelihood of success of mitigation activities. Pastoral lands in the tropics hold tremendous sequestration potential but also strong challenges to potential mitigation efforts. Here we present new analyses of the global distribution of pastoral systems in the tropics and the changes they will likely undergo in the next 50 years. We then briefly summarize current mitigation options for these lands. We then conclude by attempting a pragmatic look at the realities of mitigation. Mitigation activities have the greatest chance of success if they build on traditional pastoral institutions and knowledge (excellent communication, strong understanding of ecosystem goods and services) and provide pastoral people with food security benefits at the same time.
  • Authors:
    • O'Connell, P. J.
    • Allard, J. L.
  • Source: Weed management: balancing people, planet, profit. 14th Australian Weeds Conference, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, 6-9 September 2004: papers and proceedings 2004
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Australian winter broadacre crops have been planted on 19.4 million ha on average, over the five years 1999-2003. The cropped area is dominated by cereals and in particular wheat. Annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium rigidum) is the most widespread, difficult to control and important weed of Australian winter broadacre farming systems, and is arguably the greatest threat to sustainability of these systems. It was calculated that it infests ~6 million ha. Syngenta's analyses of herbicide sales suggest that the area treated for annual ryegrass could be as high as 8 million ha. Herbicide sales have been used to estimate the area treated for ARG control. This analysis focuses on herbicides for which there is not yet widespread ARG resistance. Grain producers are heavily dependant on two groups of herbicides. Group M (glyphosate) is applied as a non-selective burn-down treatment prior to planting and is applied to as much as 25 million ha (applied up to 132% of the winter crop area). The Group D herbicides, especially trifluralin, are used for pre-emergent weed control on nearly 7 million ha, 36% of the cropped area, up from 25% in 2001. There is circumstantial evidence that Group D herbicides are mostly applied for the management of ARG, and there is a high risk of over-use. Minimum- and no-tillage are used on 76% of the cropped area, while burning as a weed control technique (hot burn) is used on just over 10% of the area. In view of the current willingness of grain growers to rely heavily upon herbicides for weed control, a greater burden is placed on ensuring herbicide rotational strategies are carefully thought through and implemented. This has resulted in extension of double-knockdown techniques with Spray.Seed to reduce the likelihood of glyphosate resistant ARG in reduced tillage environments. A similar education programme needs to be directed towards Group D herbicides and alternatives promoted. Group K herbicides, including S-metolachlor (Dual Gold), are potential alternatives. Group K herbicides are generally well-tolerated by barley, oats, legumes and canola and can be used at higher rates in these crops. Wheat is less tolerant at the rates required to manage ARG effectively. Rotating to Group K herbicides outside wheat is proposed. The grains industry could evaluate the model the Australian cotton industry has established for the very successful management of insecticide resistance. A better way to manage herbicide use and rotation needs to be found, particularly as fewer new active ingredients are expected to be developed than in the past.
  • Authors:
    • Powell, C.
  • Source: New South Wales Department of Agriculture
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: This paper presents the results of the coordination of plant breeders, district agronomists, technical officers and technical assistants of New South Wales agriculture in performance experiments of barley, rape, chickpea, faba bean, pea, lentil, lupin, mixed cereal, oat, triticale and wheat cultivars conducted during 1997-2003. Notes and brief descriptions of cultivars and lines (including their resistance to pesticides, pests and diseases) are provided.
  • Authors:
    • McRae, F. J.
    • Francis, R. J.
    • Dellow, J. J.
  • Source: Weed control in winter crops 2004
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: This publication is a guide to chemical weed control in fallows, wheat, barley, oats, cereal rye, triticale, rape, safflower, lentil, linseed, lupin, chickpea, faba bean and field pea in New South Wales, Australia.
  • Authors:
    • Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Issue: 132
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: An overview of crop production in Australia in 2004 is presented. The crop conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia are described. Cropping areas and yields of winter crops (wheat, barley, oats, rape, lupins, field peas, chickpea, faba beans, lentils, triticale, safflower and vetch) and summer crops (cottonseed, sorghum, rice, maize, sunflowers, soyabeans, groundnuts, mung beans and navy beans) are compared with previous years. Various crop production, precipitation and pricing data are also tabulated.
  • Authors:
    • Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Issue: 132
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: An overview of crop production in Australia in 2004 is presented. The crop conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia are described. Cropping areas and yields of winter crops (wheat, barley, oats, rape, lupins, field peas, chickpea, faba beans, lentils, triticale, safflower and vetch) and summer crops (cottonseed, sorghum, rice, maize, sunflowers, soyabeans, groundnuts, mung beans and navy beans) are compared with previous years. Various crop production, precipitation and pricing data are also tabulated.
  • Authors:
    • Wang,W. J.
    • Dalal,R. C.
    • Parton,W. J.
    • Robertson,G. P.
  • Source: Australian Journal of Soil Research
  • Volume: 41
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2003
  • Authors:
    • Parton, W. J.
    • Meyer, C. M.
    • Raison, R. J.
    • Dalal, R. C.
    • Wang, W. J.
    • Robertson, G. P.
  • Source: National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
  • Volume: 35
  • Year: 2003
  • Authors:
    • Chapman, D. F.
    • White, R. E.
    • Chen, D.
    • Eckard, R. J.
  • Source: Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
  • Volume: 54
  • Year: 2003