111. Analysis of alkylresorcinols in cereal grains and products using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence, ultraviolet, and CoulArray electrochemical detection.

• Authors:
  • Ross, A.
• Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
• Volume: 60
• Issue: 36
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids, with homologues ranging from C17 to C25, found in high concentrations in whole grain wheat and rye, lower concentrations in barley, and negligible concentrations in refined wheat flour. The analysis of alkylresorcinols is of importance due to their potential as biomarkers of whole grain intake and emerging evidence for some biological effects. Present HPLC methods have insufficient resolution for accurately quantitating the mix of alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols found in rye. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography method was developed, and three detection methods (CoulArray (CAED), ultraviolet (UV), and fluorescence detection (FD)) were compared for cereal alkylresorcinol analysis. The lower limits of quantitation and detection were 50 and 20 pg injected, 5 pg and 2 pg injected, and 500 and 1250 pg injected for FD, CAED, and UV, respectively. FD and CAED provided similar results, with some bias for higher results with FD (

112. The influence of nitrogen on plant nutrient use by field crops.; Slapekla meslojuma normu ietekme uz baribas vielu izmantosanas raditajiem laukaugiem.

• Authors:
  • Vaivode, A.
  • Balodis, O.
  • Gaile, Z.
  • Kreita, D.
  • Malecka, S.
  • Skrabule, I.
  • Ruza, A.
  • Katamadze, M.
• Source: Zinatniski praktiskas konference, "Zinatne Latvijas Lauksaimniecibas Nakotnei: Partika, Lopbariba, Skiedra un Energija"
• Year: 2012
• Summary: In order to obtain significant data about the plant nutrient utilization from mineral fertilizers and maximum allowed dosages of fertilizers, a project, financed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, was started in the year 2008. The aim of the project was to determine the utilization indicators of mineral fertilization, mainly nitrogen fertilization, on different nitrogen fertilization application dosages, also the maximum limit of and economically substantiated nitrogen fertilization dosages in different regions of Latvia depending on the year under the variable meteorological conditions. Different important field crops were used within the project: winter rye, winter and spring wheat, winter and spring oilseed rape, spring barley and potatoes. Field trials were established in research stations in different regions of Latvia: at the Research and Study Farm 'Vecauce" of the Latvia University of Agriculture; at the Research and Study Farm 'Peterlauki' of the Latvia University of Agriculture; at State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute and State Priekuli Field Crops Breeding Institute. Plant nutrition nitrogen agronomic efficiency from mineral fertilizers changed depending on the nitrogen fertilizing norm and yield. The specific results were observed concerning the nitrogen and potassium utilization, also the result differed between crops.

113. Assessment of long-term barley-legume rotations in a typical Mediterranean agro-ecosystem: grain and straw yields.

• Authors:
  • Christiansen, S.
  • Murari, S.
  • Ryan, J.
• Source: Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science
• Volume: 58
• Issue: 3
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Traditional Mediterranean rainfed cereal/fallow systems are being replaced by cereal monoculture due to land-use pressure. Food or forage legumes in rotation with cereals are an alternative sustainable cropping system. Complex cropping systems can only be assessed by long-term trials. This 11-year rainfed barley-based rotation trial in northern Syria assessed rotation effects on yields of barley and legumes, with particular emphasis on the management of vetch. The mean order of barley grain yields from the rotations was: vetch for hay, vetch for grazing > fallow=medic=vetch for seed > lentil, and continuous barley. Straw yields followed a similar pattern. Nitrogen (60 kg ha -1) increased grain (39%) and straw (65%) yields. The N fertilization of barley had no carryover effect on the alternative legume crops. Although there were no significant differences in seed or straw yield between lentil and vetch, seasonal rainfall influenced overall yields. Total biomass yields were in the order of vetch, medic and lentil. There is a compelling case for annual vetch paired with barley in rotations for the Mediterranean region. Thus, barley/vetch rotations can potentially enhance barley yields and improve soil quality, and provide valuable fodder for small ruminants as well in the region's agricultural systems.

114. New strategies for increasing barley yield and prevent burning crop residue by creating residue mulch.

• Authors:
  • Sadeghi, H.
• Source: International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review
• Volume: 2
• Issue: 3
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Residue burning is a quick, labor-saving practice to remove residue that is viewed as a nuisance by producers in the most southern provinces of Iran. However, residue burning has several adverse environmental and ecological impacts. The burning of dead plant material adds considerable amount of CO 2 and particulate matter to the atmosphere and can reduce a lot of returned needed C and other nutrients to the soil. Whereas, crop residues incorporation can improve soil quality and reduce air pollution on a long term basis. However, where residues have been soil incorporated, farmers often have concern for reduced soil fertility from nutrient immobilization and problems for cultivation associated with slow rates of residues decomposition. The experiment was conducted as strip split plot with four replications. Horizontal plots were three crop residues rates (0, 750 and 1500 kg ha -1), vertical plots consisted of two dryland current barley cultivars (CVs) (Afzal and Reyhan), and sub-plots were three N rates (0, 40, and 80 kg N ha -1). Number of spike per plant, grains per spike, grains per plant and 1000-grain weight of both CVs significantly increased by N and residue rates increasing in both years. The lowest grain yield was obtained from 1500 kg ha -1 residue incorporation without N application showing the soil N imbalance. The optimum crop growth and the highest grain yield was achieved from the highest crop residues and N rates, indicating that the most reliable system for dryland barley production in the region is complete residues incorporation into the soil following disking, seeding with chisel seeder and application of 80 kg N ha -1.

115. Effects of straw management and nitrogen rates on soil quality and grain protein of two barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under dryland conditions.

• Authors:
  • Kazemayni, S.
  • Sadeghi, H.
• Source: Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
• Volume: 42
• Issue: 4
• Year: 2012
• Summary: A 2-years (2007-2009) field study was carried out at the college of Agriculture, Shiraz University, to evaluate the influence of crop residues management and nitrogen (N) rates on soil quality and barley grain protein under dryland conditions. The experiment was conducted as strip split plot with four replications. Horizontal plots were three crop residues rates (0, 750 and 1500 kg ha -1), vertical plots consisted of two barley cultivars (CVs) (Afzal and Reyhan), and sub-plots were three N rates (0, 40, and 80 kg N ha -1). The Results of ANOVA showed that there were significant differences for year effects and Y * C * N for total N grain and protein percentage. When the crop residues were completely added (100%), N rates should be added according to residues rates. Increasing crop residue level increased soil organic carbon. Crop residue application had no effect on grain protein percentage. There were no significant differences between two cultivars for Crop residue application. High N increased grain protein percentage significantly.

116. Dryland soil nitrogen cycling influenced by tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice.

• Authors:
  • Lartey, R.
  • Jabro, J.
  • Caesar-Tonthat, T.
  • Lenssen, A.
  • Sainju, U.
  • Evans, R.
  • Allen, B.
• Source: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
• Volume: 93
• Issue: 3
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Management practices may influence dryland soil N cycling. We evaluated the effects of tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice on dryland crop biomass (stems and leaves) N, surface residue N, and soil N fractions at the 0-20 cm depth in a Williams loam from 2004 to 2008 in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were two tillage practices (no-tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), two crop rotations (continuous spring wheat [ Triticum aestivum L.] [CW] and spring wheat-barley [ Hordeum vulgaris L.] hay-corn [ Zea mays L.]-pea [ Pisum sativum L.] [W-B-C-P]), and two cultural practices (regular [conventional seed rates and plant spacing, conventional planting date, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height] and ecological [variable seed rates and plant spacing, delayed planting, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height]). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH 4-N, and NO 3-N. Crop biomass N was 30% greater in W-B-C-P than in CW in 2005. Surface residue N was 30-34% greater in NT with the regular and ecological practices than in CT with the regular practice. The STN, PON, and MBN at 10-20 and 0-20 cm were 5-41% greater in NT or CW with the regular practice than in CT or CW with the ecological practice. The PNM at 5-10 cm was 22% greater in the regular than in the ecological practice. The NH 4-N and NO 3-N contents at 10-20 and 0-20 cm were greater in CT with W-B-C-P and the regular practice than with most other treatments in 2007. Surface residue and soil N fractions, except PNM and NO 3-N, declined from autumn 2007 to spring 2008. In 2008, NT with W-B-C-P and the regular practice gained 400 kg N ha -1 compared with a loss of 221 kg N ha -1 to a gain of 219 kg N ha -1 in other treatments. No-tillage with the regular cultural practice increased surface residue and soil N storage but conventional tillage with diversified crop rotation and the regular practice increased soil N availability. Because of continuous N mineralization, surface residue and soil N storage decreased without influencing N availability from autumn to the following spring.

117. ADDITION - the broad efficient herbicide for a reasonable resistance management.; ADDITION - Das breit wirksame Herbizid fur ein sinnvolles Resistenzmanagement.

• Authors:
  • Schenke, E.
• Source: Julius-Kuhn-Archiv
• Volume: 2
• Issue: 434
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Early autumn herbicide application in winter cereals is in many areas a reasonable agronomic procedure. ADDITION with the well-known active ingredients diflufenican (40 g/l) and pendimethalin (400 g/l) is a new combination for weed control in winter wheat, barley, rye and triticale. Early post emergence application of 2.5 l/ha includes these advantages: unrestricted selectivity to various application conditions for all kinds and varieties of winter cereals and wide efficacy spectrum to broad-leaved weeds. The specific feature of ADDITION is a complementary and overlapping efficacy spectrum. Within the overlapping spectrum diflufenican and pendimethalin affect the same weed varieties with different modes and on different sites of action. HRAC rates diflufenican to group F1 and pendimethalin to group K1. These different modes of action are the basis for variety specific resistance management. According to increasing discussions of weed resistance, ADDITION is a strong partner to set up a successful long term resistance management. Favorable restrictions are allowing a wide application range of ADDITION.

118. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of frequently consumed cereal grains using in vitro test models.

• Authors:
  • Orhan, I.
  • Coksari, G.
  • Kan, A.
  • Senol, F.
• Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
• Volume: 63
• Issue: 5
• Year: 2012
• Summary: The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts obtained from eight varieties (Faikbey, Y-1779, CI-8357, Cheokota, Seydisehir, Y-330, Sivas and YVD-18) of oat ( Avena sativa L.), one variety (Larende) of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), one variety (Tatlicak 97) of triticale ( Triticale sp.) and one rye variety (Aslim 95) ( Secale cereale L.) were investigated for their antioxidant effects in seven test systems. Anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microplate reader. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were calculated using Folin Ciocalteau and AlCl 3 reagents, respectively. All of the extracts were ineffective in cholinesterase inhibition assays and had weak-to-moderate activity in antioxidant assays. The extracts exerted better activity in iron-chelation capacity ranging between 43.172.04 and 62.971.29%. Triticale extracts showed higher activity in reducing power experiments. A notable difference in the results of the antioxidant activity assays was observed among the oat varieties.

119. The ScAACT1 gene at the Qalt5 locus as a candidate for increased aluminum tolerance in rye ( Secale cereale L.).

• Authors:
  • El-Moneim, D.
  • Tellez-Robledo, B.
  • Benito, C.
  • Silva-Navas, J.
  • Gallego, F.
• Source: Molecular Breeding
• Volume: 30
• Issue: 2
• Year: 2012
• Summary: Soluble aluminum (Al 3+) is a major constraint to plant growth in highly acidic soils, which comprise up to 50% of the world's arable land. The primary mechanism of Al resistance described in plants is the chelation of Al 3+ cations by release of organic acids into the rhizosphere. Candidate aluminum tolerance genes encoding organic acid transporter of the ALMT (aluminum-activated malate transporter) and MATE (multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion) families have been characterized in several plant species. In this study, we have isolated in five different cultivars the rye ScAACT1 gene, homolog to barley aluminum activated citrate transporter HvAACT1. This gene mapped to the 7RS chromosome arm, 25 cM away from the ScALMT1 aluminum tolerance gene. The gene consisted of 13 exons and 12 introns and encodes a predicted membrane protein that contains the MatE domain and at least seven putative transmembrane regions. Expression of the ScAACT1 gene is Al-induced, but there were differences in the levels of expression among the cultivars analyzed. A new quantitative trait locus for Al tolerance in rye that co-localizes with the ScAACT1 gene was detected in the 7RS chromosome arm. These results suggest that the ScAACT1 gene is a candidate gene for increased Al tolerance in rye. The phylogenetic relationships between different MATE proteins are discussed.

120. Solvent retention capacity for different wheats and flours evaluation.

• Authors:
  • Karas, J.
  • Hruskova, M.
  • Svec, I.
  • Hofmanova, T.
• Source: Czech Journal of Food Sciences
• Volume: 30
• Issue: 5
• Year: 2012
• Summary: The baking quality in the sets of both commercial and variety wheat samples (80 and 18 items) and wheat composite flour (standard and 25 blends) was evaluated in terms of the Solvent retention capacity method (AACC 56-11). Composites were prepared from a commercial fine wheat flour and commercial bio-wholemeal flour prepared by milling of common wheat, rye, oat, barleys and corn at substitution levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The commercial wheat quality testing ANOVA revealed the major effect of the sample tested form; the data measured for grain and flour proved to be correlated. Besides, the harvest year affected the baking quality to a greater degree than the growing locality. Within the variety wheat set, the harvest year factor dominated over that of the wheat cultivar one with the exception of the sodium carbonate retention capacity. In the case of the wheat flour substitution by bio-cereal flour types, the added amount of the alternative flour supported only the quantitative change caused by the incorporated cereal in all four retention capacities.