19862015
  • Authors:
    • Grzebisz, W.
  • Source: Journal of Elementology
  • Volume: 9
  • Issue: 4(Supplement)
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Natural availability of potassium in Polish soils and its uptake by various crops are examined on a regional basis. Potassium requirements of the main agricultural crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale, maize, potato, sugar beet, oilseed rape and grass for haymaking) are considered in view of the element's content both in farmyard manure and in chemical fertilisers; their use and the overall balance of potassium available for plant uptake in individual regions are shown in maps.
  • Authors:
    • Blackshaw, R. E.
    • O'Donovan, J. T.
    • Clayton, G. W.
    • Harker, K. N.
    • Stevenson, F. C.
  • Source: Weed Technology
  • Volume: 18
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Herbicide-resistant canola dominates the canola market in Canada. A multiyear field experiment was conducted at three locations to investigate the effect of time of weed removal (two-, four-, or six-leaf canola) and herbicide rate (50 or 100% recommended) in three herbicide-resistant canola systems. Weeds were controlled in glufosinate-resistant canola (GLU) with glufosinate, in glyphosate-resistant canola (GLY) with glyphosate, and in imidazolinone-resistant canola (IMI) with a 50:50 mixture of imazamox and imazethapyr. Canola yields were similar among the three canola cultivar-herbicide systems. Yields were not influenced by 50 vs. 100% herbicide rates. Timing of weed removal had the greatest effect on canola yield, with weed removal at the four-leaf stage giving the highest yields in most cases. Percent dockage was often greater for GLU and IMI than for GLY. In comparison with the other treatments, dockage levels doubled for GLU after application at 50% herbicide rates. The consistency of monocot weed control was usually greater for GLY than for GLU or IMI systems. However, weed biomass data revealed no differences in dicot weed control consistency between IMI and GLY systems. Greater dockage and weed biomass variability after weed removal at the six-leaf stage or after low herbicide rates suggests higher weed seed production, which could constrain the adoption of integrated weed management practices in subsequent years.
  • Authors:
    • Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Issue: 132
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: An overview of crop production in Australia in 2004 is presented. The crop conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia are described. Cropping areas and yields of winter crops (wheat, barley, oats, rape, lupins, field peas, chickpea, faba beans, lentils, triticale, safflower and vetch) and summer crops (cottonseed, sorghum, rice, maize, sunflowers, soyabeans, groundnuts, mung beans and navy beans) are compared with previous years. Various crop production, precipitation and pricing data are also tabulated.
  • Authors:
    • UK, HGCA
  • Source: HGCA recommended list 2004/05 for cereals and oilseeds
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: Descriptions are provided for cultivars of cereals (winter, late autumn and spring wheat, winter and spring barley, winter rye, winter triticale, and winter and spring oat) and oilseeds (winter and spring oilseed rape and spring linseed) recommended for cultivation in the UK in 2004/05.
  • Authors:
    • Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
  • Issue: 132
  • Year: 2004
  • Summary: An overview of crop production in Australia in 2004 is presented. The crop conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia are described. Cropping areas and yields of winter crops (wheat, barley, oats, rape, lupins, field peas, chickpea, faba beans, lentils, triticale, safflower and vetch) and summer crops (cottonseed, sorghum, rice, maize, sunflowers, soyabeans, groundnuts, mung beans and navy beans) are compared with previous years. Various crop production, precipitation and pricing data are also tabulated.
  • Authors:
    • Merrill, S.
    • Tanaka, D.
    • Anderson, R.
  • Source: Agricultural Water Management
  • Volume: 58
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: The predominate crops grown in the northern Great Plains of the United States are cereal grains, which are well adapted to the region's semiarid climate and short growing season. However, rotations are changing because minimum- and no-till production systems improve precipitation-use-efficiency. Therefore, producers are seeking diversity in crop choices to improve the design of their rotations. Our objective with this study was to examine water relations and agronomic performance of seven broadleaf crops that may be suitable for a semiarid climate. Dry pea ( Pisum sativum L.), dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) were the most favorable for this region considering crop yield and water-use-efficiency (WUE). Soybean ( Glycine max L.), crambe ( Crambe abyssinica Hochst), canola ( Brassica rapa L.), and safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) were less successful. Water use for grain production ranged from 23 to 37 cm among crops whereas water-use-efficiency varied three-fold. Soil water extraction patterns differed between sunflower and dry pea, with sunflower extracting more water as well as accessing water deeper in the soil profile. Integrating oilseed and legume crops with cereal grains in a cycle-of-four rotation will aid producers in managing diseases and weeds, as well as improve grain yield due to the rotation effect.
  • Authors:
    • McDonald, C.
    • Stevenson, F.
    • Zentner, R.
    • McConkey, B.
    • Miller, P.
    • Gan, Y.
  • Source: Agronomy Journal
  • Volume: 95
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Crops grown in previous years impact the amounts of residual soil water and nutrients available for subsequent plant growth. Appropriate sequences allow efficient use of the available soil resources by the crop to increase yields at a system's level. This study was conducted to determine whether the grain yield and grain crude protein concentration (GCPC) of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) were related to crops grown in the previous 2 yr. Durum was grown following pulses [chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.), lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.), and dry pea ( Pisum sativum L.)], oilseed [mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) or canola ( B. napus L.)], and spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in southwest Saskatchewan from 1996 to 2000. Durum increased grain yields by 7% and GCPC by 11% when grown after pulse crops rather than after spring wheat. Durum after oilseeds increased grain yield by 5% and GCPC by 6%. Pulse and oilseed crops grown for the previous 2 yr increased durum grain yield 15% and GCPC 18% compared with continuous wheat systems. Fall residual soil NO 3-N and available soil water accounted for 3 to 28% of the increased durum yield in two of five site-years, whereas those two factors accounted for 12 to 24% of the increased GCPC in three of five site-years. Durum grain yield was negatively related to GCPC. The relationship was stronger when durum was preceded by oilseeds compared with pulses. Broadleaf crops in no-till cropping systems provide significant rotational benefits to durum wheat in the semiarid northern Great Plains.
  • Authors:
    • Diffey, S.
    • Good, A.
    • Mead, J.
    • Hocking, P.
  • Source: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
  • Volume: 43
  • Issue: 11
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Land preparation for canola (oilseed rape; Brassica napus L.) by conventional cultivation can involve a number of workings, resulting in soil degradation and reduced crop growth. Minimum-tillage systems may help overcome these problems, but the placement of fertiliser at sowing must avoid chemical injury to germinating seed. The responses of canola cultivars to tillage and fertiliser placement were studied for 2 seasons at high (Breakfast Creek, 1997; Harden, 1998) and low (Ardlethan, 1997-98) rainfall sites. The tillage treatments were conventional cultivation, one-pass, and no-till (direct drill). The fertiliser treatments were 200 kg/ha 'starter' fertiliser (a compound fertiliser supplying 30 kg N, 26 kg P and 22 kg S/ha) either placed with the seed, or broadcast, or banded to the side and 3 cm below the seed. In 1997 the canola was sown after wheat, and in 1998 after pasture. Plant establishment of all cultivars was reduced by 40-65% when fertiliser was placed with the seed; tillage treatment did not alter this response. Placing fertiliser with the seed reduced dry matter/m 2 by up to 40% in plants at flowering, but by physiological maturity, there were no differences in dry matter/m 2 due to fertiliser placement. Analysis of the combined seed yields for both years showed that although plants in the with-seed placement compensated by producing more seed/plant, this compensation was sufficient only at Breakfast Creek for yields to be comparable to those of the other fertiliser placements. Tillage had little effect on seed yields. In 1997, no-till yielded more than one-pass at Ardlethan, but in 1998 at Ardlethan no-till yielded less than the other tillage systems. Fertiliser placement and tillage had no effect on seed oil concentration and meal protein content. Cone penetrometer measurements (1998) showed no differences in soil strength between tillage treatments at Ardlethan; while at Harden, one-pass had less soil strength than the other tillage treatments. Crop water extraction was not affected by tillage at any site. It is concluded that a conservation-farming system involving no-till or one-pass tillage, and separation of seed and fertiliser has the potential for producing high yielding canola crops, reducing the risk of soil degradation, as well as saving time and land-preparation costs.
  • Authors:
    • Clayton, G.
    • Soon, Y.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
  • Volume: 83
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, Leith sandy loam soil (Gray Luvisol) of Alberta, Canada was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations: (i) continuous wheat ( Triticum aestivum); (ii) field pea ( Pisum sativum)-wheat-rape ( Brassica rapa [ B. campestris])-wheat; (iii) red clover ( Trifolium pratense) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover; (iv) fallow-wheat-rape-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha -1 under CT and 37 kg ha -1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha -1 under NT and 46 kg ha -1 under CT.
  • Authors:
    • Littlewood, B.
    • Lemerle, D.
    • Lockley, P.
  • Source: Cultivar * herbicide screening: 2002 results
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Results are presented of the evaluation of herbicide tolerance (based on yield performance) in wheat, barley, oat, triticale, rape, lupin, field pea, lentil, chickpea and faba bean cultivars and advanced lines grown in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, during 2002. Compatibility charts of herbicide * cultivar combinations are included to provide guidelines to farmers on the relative risk of crop damage for various herbicide * cultivar combinations.