• Authors:
    • Tonkin, C. J.
    • Francis, R. J.
    • Dellow, J. J.
    • Mullen, C. L.
  • Source: Weed control in winter crops 2002
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: This bulletin provides a list of the most important weeds of winter crops, and identifies the herbicides that should be used for optimum weed control in fallows, wheat, barley, oat, rye, triticale, rape, sunflower, lentil, linseed, lupin, chickpea, faba bean and field pea.
  • Authors:
    • Beckie, H. J.
    • Zand, E.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
  • Volume: 82
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: The competitiveness of three hybrid and three open-pollinated canola cultivars against two wild oat populations was determined under controlled environment conditions at two plant densities and five canola:wild oat ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Analysis of replacement series and derivation of relative crowding coefficients (RCC), based on shoot dry weight or leaf area, indicated that hybrid canola cultivars were twice as competitive than open-pollinated cultivars when weed interference was relatively high (i.e., high plant density and vigorous wild oat growth). Little difference in competitiveness among cultivar types was apparent when weed interference was lower. The results of this study suggest that hybrid canola cultivars may be best suited for use in an integrated weed management program, particularly for farmers of organic or low input cropping systems.
  • Authors:
    • Brookes, G.
  • Source: Web Of Knowledge
  • Issue: Ed. 1
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: The material contained in this book aims to bring together information about the profitability of growing different arable crops in a number of European countries. It draws on many national sources of information and brings these together in an updated form to reflect the latest harvest of 2001.
  • Authors:
    • Carlyle, W. J.
  • Source: The Geographical Journal
  • Volume: 168
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: Changes in cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies are examined from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s using census data. Patterns of change within the region are mapped by census division using averaged proportions of land in crops occupied by the main crops for three pairs of census years. Spring wheat and oat have undergone the most significant relative declines. Canola increased dramatically from being the sixth-ranked crop by area in the early 1960s to the third-ranked crop by area by the 1990s. The main change in the Brown soil zone has been a large decline in spring wheat and a compensatory gain in durum wheat. Increases in special crops, especially pulse crops, canola and durum wheat have offset a substantial decline in spring wheat in the Dark Brown soil zone. Barley, tame hay and especially canola have increased at the expense of spring wheat, oat and flaxseed in the Black and Gray soil zones. Prices, transportation costs, changing export markets, crop breeding and local processing all have contributed to these changes.
  • Authors:
    • Thill, D. C.
    • Daugovish, O.
    • Shafii, B.
  • Source: Weed Science
  • Volume: 50
  • Issue: 5
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: Wild oat, a troublesome weed in small grain cereals, infests about 11 million ha of cropland in the United States Diversifying cereal production with alternative crops, such as yellow mustard and canola, provides flexible cropping systems, decreases production risks, and may allow more effective weed suppression A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the competitive ability of yellow mustard and canola with wild oat in 1999 and 2000, using replacement series interference experiments to relate the results to plant development stages Yellow mustard, regardless of its proportion in mixture, reduced aboveground biomass of wild oat 33 to 66%, leaf and tiller number 34 to 36%, and panicle production 58% compared with wild oat in monoculture Canola did not affect wild oat biomass in mixtures Yellow mustard per plant biomass in 2000 and inflorescence production in 1999 decreased 30 and 20% with increased density of yellow mustard in mixtures Yellow mustard biomass was not affected by the addition of wild oat to the mixture, indicating the greater importance of intraspecific competition between yellow mustard relative to interspecific competition with wild oat Canola per plant biomass was affected more by interspecific competition with wild oat than by intraspecific competition A second greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare plant height and biomass accumulation by the three species over 7 wk Yellow mustard had the greatest biomass accumulation and plant elongation rate, followed by canola and wild oat The greater competitive ability of yellow mustard with wild oat, compared with canola, is likely associated with the rapid growth and canopy elevation of yellow mustard.
  • Authors:
    • Ellert, B. H.
    • Janzen, H. H.
    • Carefoot, J. M.
    • Chang, C.
    • Hao, X.
  • Source: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
  • Volume: 60
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2001
  • Summary: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from farmland is a concern for both environmental quality and agricultural productivity. Field experiments were conducted in 1996-1997 to assess soil N2O emissions as affected by timing of N fertilizer application and straw/tillage practices for crop production under irrigation in southern Alberta. The crops were soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1996 and canola (Brassica napus L.) in 1997. Nitrous oxide flux from soil was measured using a vented chamber technique and calculated from the increase in concentration with time. Nitrous oxide fluxes for all treatments varied greatly during the year, with the greatest fluxes occurring in association with freeze-thaw events during March and April. Emissions were greater when N fertilizer (100 kg N ha-1) was applied in the fall compared to spring application. Straw removal at harvest in the fall increased N2O emissions when N fertilizer was applied in the fall, but decreased emissions when no fertilizer was applied. Fall plowing also increased N2O emissions compared to spring plowing or direct seeding. The study showed that N2O emissions may be minimized by applying N fertilizer in spring, retaining straw, and incorporating it in spring. The estimates of regional N2O emissions based on a fixed proportion of applied N may be tenuous since N2O emission varied widely depending on straw and fertilizer management practices.
  • Authors:
    • Hnatowich, G.
    • Hultgreen, G.
    • Lafond, G.
    • Johnston, A.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
  • Volume: 81
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2001
  • Summary: The development of successful no-till crop production systems has led to the practice of applying all the seed and fertilizer in a single field operation. This study was initiated to assist producers in the selection of commercially available bolt-on side banding openers. Field trials were conducted at 10 locations in Saskatchewan, Canada, over a 2-year period (1995 and 1996) to evaluate the performance of five bolt-on side band openers on the establishment and yield of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and rape ( Brassica rapa [ B. campestris]). Trial locations were selected to provide a range of soil and environmental conditions. The openers tested included the Flexi-coil Stealth, Dutch-Vern Eaglebuster, Swede SW470, GEN 200 and Morris Edge-On. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) as urea was applied in the side band at rates of 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha -1 with a side banded starter fertilizer blend of phosphorus, potassium and sulfur. When properly adjusted for individual site soil conditions at sowing, no difference was recorded between the side band openers tested in the establishment and grain yield of spring wheat. Averaged across all N rates, three of the five openers showed poor rape seedling emergence, indicating inadequate seed-fertilizer separation. However, the ability of the rape crop to branch and compensate for poor crop establishment prevented any significant grain yield loss in this study. In cases where differences between openers were observed, the Flexi-Coil Stealth and GEN 200 openers provided the best crop establishment. Given the importance of crop establishment to achieving optimum grain yields, the bolt-on side band openers that provided good crop establishment should be recommended to producers.
  • Authors:
    • Derksen, D.
    • Warwick, S.
    • Lajeunesse, J.
    • Pageau, D.
    • Thomas, A.
    • Simard, M.
    • Legere, A.
  • Source: The BCPC Conference: Weeds, 2001, Volume 1 and Volume 2. Proceedings of an international conference held at the Brighton Hilton Metropole Hotel, Brighton, UK, 12-15 November 2001
  • Year: 2001
  • Summary: Risk evaluation of herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops includes the assessment of the presence and impact of volunteers. In this study, estimates of frequency and persistence of volunteer populations of rape were obtained from field surveys on farms in eastern (Quebec) and western (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) provinces of Canada, and from field experiments conducted in both agroecological regions. Field surveys were conducted from June to August 2000 in eastern Canada, during 1995 in Saskatchewan, and during 1997 in Manitoba and Alberta. As expected, the density of rape volunteers decreased with time since the last rape crop. An average of 0.2 and 0.5 volunteer rape plants/m 2 were found in fields 5 and 4 years after rape production, in eastern and western Canada, respectively. Experimental results suggest the presence of a persistent rape seed bank, although it is likely that volunteers contribute to the replenishment of the seed bank over the years. Overwintering rape plants were also observed in eastern Canada in no-till cropping systems. Weed management in Canadian cropping systems generally provides adequate control of volunteer rape but still allows long-term persistence of low density populations.
  • Authors:
    • McRae, F. J.
  • Source: Winter crop variety sowing guide 2001
  • Year: 2001
  • Summary: This guide contains information that aims to assist farmers in New South Wales, Australia, to make better cropping decisions and higher profits as well as increased productivity from the resources invested, along with total sustainability of the farm. Variety guides are given for the following winter crops: wheat (including durum wheat), barley, oats, triticale, cereal rye, grazing cereals, canola [rape], chickpea, faba bean, field pea and lupin. An evaluation of varietal characteristics, reactions to diseases, crop injury and profitable marketing of these winter crops is discussed. Weed control is detailed for some crops. Industry information on wheat receival sites and the different wheat authorities is presented. Options for the control of insect pests of stored grain, the location of various district agronomists, and a list of cereal seed dressings for the control of seed-borne diseases are provided. Hints on volumetric grain weights, typical bulk densities and the angles of repose of some grains is mentioned.
  • Authors:
    • Tonkin, C. J.
    • Dellow, J. J.
    • Mullen, C. L.
  • Source: Weed control in winter crops 2001
  • Year: 2001
  • Summary: This handbook is a guide to chemical weed control in fallows, wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, canola [rape], safflower, lentil, linseed, lupin, chickpea, faba bean and field pea. Information are also presented on the optimum rate, timing and method of herbicide application, use of adjuvants, surfactants and oils, and herbicide resistance.