• Authors:
    • Rosculete, E.
    • Gheorghe, D.
    • Matei, G.
    • Imbrea, F.
    • Cojocaru, I.
  • Source: Research Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Volume: 41
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Field studies were conducted in Romania, from 2006 to 2008, to determine the effect of rotations and fertilizer applications on the yield and quality of maize in irrigated sandy soils. The treatments comprised 3 years rotation (wheat, maize and soyabeans), 4 years rotation (wheat, lucerne, maize and soyabeans), wheat monoculture, maize monoculture, 2 years rotation (maize and wheat), 5 years rotation (wheat, lucerne, potato, maize and wheat), 3 years rotation (wheat, maize and groundnut), 6 years rotation (maize, groundnuts, wheat, sunflower, potato and wheat) and 4 years rotation (bean, wheat, maize and wheat) and fertilizer applications, i.e. 160 kg N and 80 kg P/ha, 80 kg N and 80 kg P/ha and control. Results showed that maize gave good seed yields, which varied between 4.5 q/ha on unfertilized variant and 38.5 q/ha in the 6 years rotation on 160 kg N and 80 kg P/ha. The most valuable rotations for maize were beans, soyabean, groundnuts or lucerne. Applying fertilizers in monoculture resulted only in small increases in production. The best variant with fertilizers was the 80 kg N and 80 kg P/ha, which increased the yields of all rotations used compared to the control. On all the rotations studied, the nitrogen fertilizer application improved the N content of maize seeds and directly increased the protein content, while other macro- and microelements in maize seeds registered small fluctuations, some of which were considered as constant no matter what kind of rotation was used.
  • Authors:
    • Ray, J.
    • Smith, R.
    • Castlebury, L.
    • Mengistu, A.
    • Bellaloui, N.
  • Source: Plant Disease
  • Volume: 93
  • Issue: 10
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Phomopsis longicolla is a major seed pathogen of soybean ( Glycine max) in hot, humid environments. The objective of this study was to monitor the infection and development of P. longicolla on vegetative and reproductive tissues of six cultivars and to determine the relationship between this infection and subsequent seed infection and seed germination. Cultivars were grown for 3 years (2002 to 2004) without irrigation or with irrigation applied at pre- plus postflowering or at postflowering growth stages. P. longicolla was isolated most frequently from leaf, stem, pod, root, and seed. Diaporthe phaseolorum and three unidentified Phomopsis sp. were also isolated. Diaporthe aspalathi, which previously has not been reported on soybean, was also recovered from leaf samples. These isolates, however, were recovered very infrequently. Recovery of P. longicolla from roots was much lower than from leaves, stems, and pods in all years and irrigation environments. The recovery of P. longicolla from seed was affected by irrigation environments. Seed from irrigated plots had more P. longicolla than that from nonirrigated plots. Isolation of P. longicolla from seed was negatively correlated with percentage of seed germination in irrigated environments but not in the nonirrigated environment. Pod infection was correlated with seed infection in all three irrigation environments. Even though infection of leaves and stems increased with increasing moisture availability, such infection did not consistently correlate with seed infection. Seed germination and seed infection were negatively correlated with percent hard seed. This study provided the first demonstration of the seasonal progression of P. longicolla on soybean cultivars grown under three irrigation environments.
  • Authors:
    • Ghanbari, A.
    • Daneshiyan, J.
    • Galavi, M.
    • Mousavi, S. M. P.
    • Basirani, N.
    • Jonoobi, P.
  • Source: Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
  • Volume: 40
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: In order to investigate the effect of animal manure application, in drought stress conditions, on soybean (Glycine max L.) quantitative and qualitative characters, an experiment in the form of split plot and based on randomized complete block design of four replications was conducted at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, in 2004. Irrigation treatments as the main factor were in three levels of 50 (control), 100 (medium stress) and 150 mm (severe stress) water evaporation from Class A Pan, and manure application as sub plot at four levels of 0, 15, 30 and 45 t/ha. Plants were irrigated at 50 mm evaporation from pan of class A, from V3 germinative stage (trifoliate exposed). Drought stress decreased plant height, number of nodes, internode length, number of branches, number of pods and seed weight per m 2 as well as 1000 seed weight. Animal manure application reduced drought stress effects. The yield decreased with when drought stress intensity increasing. Increase in animal manure application increased seed yield. The highest yield was obtained in control with 2511 kg/h. Water stress reduced grain yield in medium and severe stress treatments by 22% and 39%, respectively. Application of 45t/h of animal manure produced the highest yield of 2244 kg/h. Increase in animal manure application increase caused in number of pods per m 2 and in 1000 seed weight. Seed oil content decreased while protein content increasing, when drought stress intensity increased. Animal manure exerted a significant effect on seed protein content, the lowest seed protein content being obtained at 45 t/ha of manure application.
  • Authors:
    • Haller, W. T.
    • Mudge, C. R.
  • Source: Weed Technology
  • Volume: 23
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The effects of flumioxazin in irrigation water were evaluated on four row crop species (corn, cotton, soybean, and wheat) and three ornamental species (begonia, impatiens, and snapdragon). Plants were overhead irrigated one time with flumioxazin at concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 g ai/L in water equivalent to 1.27 cm. Ornamental plant tolerances on the basis of a 10% reduction in dry weight (effective concentration 10 [EC 10]) were as follows: impatiens (40)
  • Authors:
    • Pawar, A. D.
    • Bhoge, R. S.
  • Source: Annals of Plant Physiology
  • Volume: 23
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The effects of organic and inorganic farming practices on the performance of sorghum were studied in Rahuri, Maharashtra, India, during the rabi season of 2007-08. The treatments consisted of: (T1) farmyard manure (FYM; 10 t/ha); (T2) dhaincha [ Sesbania aculeata] green manure at 10 t/ha; (T3) 75% of the recommended NPK fertilizer rates (RFR) + 3 t FYM/ha + Azospirillum + PSB [phosphate solubilizing bacteria]; (T4) 100% RFR (100:50:50 kg NPK/ha); (T5) farmers' practice (10 kg N + 3 t FYM/ha); and (T6) soyabean-rabi sorghum rotation. T1, T2 and T3 induced early flowering, whereas T4 delayed flowering. T3 resulted in the highest 100-seed weight (35.80 g), grain yield (29.24 quintal/ha), fodder yield (53.14 quintal/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (2.17). The results indicated that the amount of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced by 25% using organic fertilizers as substitutes. [1.0 quintal=100.0 kg].
  • Authors:
    • Suryawanshi, J. S.
    • Bhondave, T. S.
    • Ranshur, N. J.
    • Talathi, M. S.
    • Pinjari, S. S.
  • Source: International Journal of Agricultural Sciences
  • Volume: 5
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Present investigation was carried out at Pulses Research Unit, DnPDKV, Akola (M.S.) during kharif and rabi season in wilt sick plot, in which fungi population was observed more in rhizosphere of sunflower, soybean, and groundnut as compared with sorghum, mung and udid. There was a gradual increase in the propagules of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri from sowing to harvesting of chickpea. In correlation study the inoculum range of 10.11 to 14.00 per cent was recorded and there was positive but non-significant correlation between the inoculum available and the wilt incidence in chickpea.
  • Authors:
    • Feltran, J. C.
    • De Castro, C. M.
    • De Almeida, D. L.
    • Valle, Teresa L.
    • Duarte Ribeiro, R. De L.
    • Pries Devide, A. C.
  • Source: Bragantia
  • Volume: 68
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Organic systems were evaluated for cassava root production directed to human comsumption in natura, at Seropedica-RJ. Treatments consisted of: cassava ('IAC 576-70') in single cropping and its intercropping with corn ('Eldorado'), cowpea ('Maua') or corn plus cowpea. The organic management was standardized and the experimental area was submitted to artificial irrigation during the period of stay of maize in the system. "Green" (immature) corn ears were harvested at the "point" required for fresh marketing and the shoot placed on the ground. The cowpea was included to function as green manure being Cut at flowering with residues left on the soil Surface. Corn and cowpea were sown between cassava rows, in an alternate design, following the first weeding of the main crop (cassava). The cultivar IAC 576-70 showed suitability with respect to organic management, yielding approximatelu 31 Mg ha(-1) of marketable roots. No significant differences were detected between cassava single cropping and any of the intercropping tested systems. Thus, corn crop has considerable potential for additional income to the growers. Yield of 'Eldorado' corn averaged 18.125 ears ha(-1) correspponding to 5,1 Mg ha-1. Residues coming from cowpea cutting brought about an input close to 12 Mg ha(-1), which meant an expressive contribution in nutrient elements, especially nitrogen (about 44 kg N ha(-1)). The legume crop, in addition, completely covered cassava inter-rows demonstrating its potential for controlling erosion and weeds. The triple intercropping becomes advantageous considering that corn harvesting would justify irrigation and that inclusion of cowpea meant benefitial effects to the system and did not interfere on cassava yield.
  • Authors:
    • Jadon, C.
    • Meena, D. S.
    • Kumar, R.
  • Source: Haryana Journal of Agronomy ALSO THE JOURNAL OF RURAL AND AGRICULURAL RESEARCH, pp. 17-18, June, 2010
  • Volume: 25
  • Issue: 1/2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The field experiment was undertaken during 2004-05 to 2007-08 on ARS, Kota to evaluate the performance of soybean-wheat, soybean-chickpea, soybean-coriander and soybean-onion cropping sequences in heavy textured, non-calcareous soils. The results revealed that soybean-onion sequence was more productive and remunerative compared to other sequences in irrigated areas of humid southeastern plain of Rajasthan.
  • Authors:
    • Prakash, V.
    • Pandey, S. C.
    • Kundu, S.
    • Bhattacharyya, R.
    • Srivastva, A. K.
    • Gupta, H. S.
  • Source: Soil Research
  • Volume: 47
  • Issue: 6
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: We analysed results of a long-term experiments, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed condition and in 1995-96 on a silty clay loam soil under irrigated condition, to determine the influence of using different combinations of mineral fertiliser (NPK) and fertiliser+farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg/ha on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its changes in the 0-0.45 m soil depth. Fertilisation always caused a net gain in SOC stock. Such gain was positively proportional to the amount of C incorporated into the soils. Concentration of SOC in the 0-0.45 m depth increased by 44% in NPK+FYM treated plots compared with NPK (44.4 Mg C/ha) after 32 years under rainfed condition and by 14% in the NPK+FYM treated plots compared with NPK (41.76 Mg C/ha) after 9 years under irrigation. Mean (across treatments) total C added under the rainfed and irrigated systems was 2.67 and 3.03 Mg/ha.year, respectively. It was estimated that ~20 and 25% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content under the rainfed and irrigated systems, respectively. Carbon loss from native soil organic matter (SOM) averaged ~61 and 261 kg C/ha.year under the rainfed and irrigated systems, respectively. Furthermore, mean stabilisation of added C in the plots under the rainfed condition (~16%) was higher than that (~13%) observed under the irrigated condition. Conversion of total added C to SOC was similar in the NPK and NPK+FYM treated plots under both growing conditions. In the NPK+FYM plots, ~38 and 29% of the C added through FYM was accounted for in the form of total SOC under the rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content under the rainfed and irrigated systems was 0.29 and 1.08 Mg/ha.year. The total annual C input by the soybean-wheat rotation in the unfertilised control plots under rainfed condition was 0.87 Mg/ha.year and with N fertiliser only under the irrigated condition was 1.75 Mg/ha.year. Thus, SOC augmentation under long-term soybean-wheat cropping was due to higher annual C input than the required amount to maintain equilibrium SOM content. Although FYM addition along with NPK improved total SOC stock and carbon sequestration potential, it did not encourage the stabilisation rate of added C. Hence, C stabilisation that takes into account the total C added in the system is a better indicator of assessing SOC sequestration. In summary, mineral fertilisation improved C sequestration capacity of soybean-wheat system in the Indian Himalayas and manure addition along with mineral fertilisers further improved it.
  • Authors:
    • Sim, R.
    • Maley, S.
    • Fletcher, A.
    • Ruiter, J. M. de
    • George, M.
    • de Ruiter, J. M.
  • Source: Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
  • Volume: 71
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Dairy industry strategies have demanded feeding systems with high productivity and high quality. A 45 t DM/ha annual target for feed production was addressed. Six crop sequence treatments were established in large plots (40*12 m) at Lincoln, Canterbury, in the first year of a 2-year experiment to determine practical upper limits for yield. Summer crops included maize, kale and whole crop barley and these were followed by combinations of winter crops (oats, Italian ryegrass, forage rape, tick beans and triticale). Crops were grown with minimal transition time to reduce potential yield losses, and with optimum nitrogen and irrigation management. Highest plot yield in the first annual crop cycle was 11.9 t DM/ha short of the 45 t DM/ha target. Best productivity was with a maize - triticale+tick bean (32.5 t DM/ha) sequence followed by maize - wheat (30.0 t DM/ha), barley - oats+Italian ryegrass (28.1 t DM/ha) and kale - triticale+tick bean (26.1 t DM/ha). Fertiliser management, crop water use in high input cropping systems are discussed together with practical issues around handling crops with large accumulated biomass.