• Authors:
    • Fiorin, J.
    • Nicoloso, R.
    • Tornquist, C.
    • Amado, T.
    • Campos, B.
  • Source: Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo
  • Volume: 35
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Soil C-CO 2 emissions are sensitive indicators of management system impacts on soil organic matter (SOM). The main soil C-CO 2 sources at the soil-plant interface are the decomposition of crop residues, SOM turnover, and respiration of roots and soil biota. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of tillage and cropping systems on long-term soil C-CO 2 emissions and their relationship with carbon (C) mineralization of crop residues. A long-term experiment was conducted in a Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, with subtropical climate Cfa (Koppen classification), mean annual precipitation of 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature of 19.2degreesC. Treatments consisted of two tillage systems: (a) conventional tillage (CT) and (b) no tillage (NT) in combination with three cropping systems: (a) R0 - monoculture system (soybean/wheat), (b) R1 - winter crop rotation (soybean/wheat/soybean/black oat), and (c) R2 - intensive crop rotation (soybean/black oat/soybean/black oat+common vetch/maize/oilseed radish/wheat). The soil C-CO 2 efflux was measured every 14 days for two years (48 measurements), by trapping the CO 2 in an alkaline solution. The soil gravimetric moisture in the 0-0.05 m layer was determined concomitantly with the C-CO 2 efflux measurements. The crop residue C mineralization was evaluated with the mesh-bag method, with sampling 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 days after the beginning of the evaluation period for C measurements. Four C conservation indexes were used to assess the relation between C-CO 2 efflux and soil C stock and its compartments. The crop residue C mineralization fit an exponential model in time. For black oat, wheat and maize residues, C mineralization was higher in CT than NT, while for soybean it was similar. Soil moisture was higher in NT than CT, mainly in the second year of evaluation. There was no difference in tillage systems for annual average C-CO 2 emissions, but in some individual evaluations, differences between tillage systems were noticed for C-CO 2 evolution. Soil C-CO 2 effluxes followed a bi-modal pattern, with peaks in October/November and February/March. The highest emission was recorded in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The C-CO 2 effluxes were weakly correlated to air temperature and not correlated to soil moisture. Based on the soil C conservation indexes investigated, NT associated to intensive crop rotation was more C conserving than CT with monoculture.
  • Authors:
    • Cebolla, A.
    • Torres, M.
    • Lorite, P.
    • Barro, F.
    • Lopez-Casado, M.
    • Cornell, H.
    • Lorenzo, L.
    • Real, A.
    • Comino, I.
    • Sousa, C.
  • Source: Gut
  • Volume: 60
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Background and aims: Coeliac disease (CD) is triggered by an abnormal reaction to gluten. Peptides resulting from partially digested gluten of wheat, barley or rye cause inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa. Previous contradictory studies suggest that oats may trigger the abnormal immunological response in patients with CD. Monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) against the main immunotoxic 33-mer peptide (A1 and G12) react strongly against wheat, barley and rye but have less reactivity against oats. The stated aim of this study is to test whether this observed reactivity could be related to the potential toxicity of oats for patients with CD. Methods: In the present study, different oat varieties, controlled for their purity and by their distinct protein pattern, were used to examine differences in moAb G12 recognition by ELISA and western blot. Immunogenicity of oat varieties was determined by 33-mer concentration, T cell proliferation and interferon gamma production. Results: Three groups of oat cultivars reacting differently against moAb G12 could be distinguished: a group with considerable affinity, a group showing slight reactivity and a third with no detectable reactivity. The immunogenicity of the three types of oats as well as that of a positive and negative control was determined with isolated peripheral blood mononuclear T cells from patients with CD by measurement of cell proliferation and interferon gamma release. A direct correlation of the reactivity with G12 and the immunogenicity of the different prolamins was observed. Conclusions: The results showed that the reactivity of the moAb G12 is proportional to the potential immunotoxicity of the cereal cultivar. These differences may explain the different clinical responses observed in patients suffering from CD and open up a means to identify immunologically safe oat cultivars, which could be used to enrich a gluten-free diet.
  • Authors:
    • Castoldi, G.
    • Costa, L.
    • Steiner, F.
    • Costa, M.
    • Pivetta, L.
  • Source: Revista Ceres
  • Volume: 58
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The use of animal manure combined with cover crops can provide sustainability to agricultural systems. Aiming to evaluate the effect of two farming systems and nutrient sources on the corn crop, an experiment was conducted on an Oxisol, in the municipality of Marechal Candido Rondon, Parana State, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with treatments in a factorial scheme 2*3, consisting of two crop systems (succession wheat/corn and intercropping oat+vetch+turnip/corn) and three nutrient sources (mineral, organic and organic-mineral), with four replications. In June 2006, the wheat crop and the intercropping of cover crops were established. In October 2006, the corn was sowed on the two systems. Organic and organic-mineral fertilizations consisted of application of pig manure alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, respectively. Intercropping of oat, hairy vetch and wild radish produced adequate amount of biomass, showing its viability for providing soil cover during winter. Corn grown in rotation with wheat yielded the highest uptake of N and K and highest yield. Mineral fertilization gave higher N uptake and corn yield compared with the organic fertilizer and organic-mineral fertilizer based on pig manure.
  • Authors:
    • Dem'yanov, N.
  • Source: Ekonomika Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh i Pererabatyvayushchikh Predpriyatii
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: According to official Rosstat data, Russian production of cereal grains totalled 60 959 560 tonnes in 2010, down from 97 110 960 tonnes in 2009. Production of all main types of grain fell significantly between 2009 and 2010. Wheat production totalled 41.51 million tonnes in 2010 (compared with 61.74 million tonnes in 2009), while production of barley totalled 8.35 million tonnes (down from 17.88 million tonnes in 2009), rye production was 1.64 million tonnes (4.33 million tonnes in 2009), cereal maize 3.08 million tonnes (3.96 million tonnes in 2009), and oats 3.22 million tonnes (5.40 million tonnes in 2009). Rice was the only major crop to record increased production, at 1.06 million tonnes in 2010 compared with 910 000 tonnes in 2009. The most marked decreases in cereal grain production in 2010 were recorded in the Privolzhskii, Central and Far East Federal Districts, where 2010 production levels were 30.14%, 45.03% and 51.14% of 2009 totals, respectively. A temporary ban imposed on the main types of cereal grain from mid-August 2010 onwards meant that export volumes were insignificant in the period from September 2010 to March 2011, with rice accounting for virtually all exports in this period. Imports were expected to total 0.95-1.3 million tonnes in the 2010-2011 season, with the bulk of these imports expected to occur after February 2011 as domestic grain stocks were exhausted. A decision of the Customs Union (covering Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) published on 1 March 2011 indicated that imports of wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize prior to 30 June 2011 would not be subject to import duties. Russian cereal grain consumption is forecast to total approximately 64 million tonnes in 2010-2011, approximately 11 million tonnes lower than in 2009-2010. The main reason for lower consumption is a decrease in utilization of cereal grains in animal feeds. Total cereal grain production was expected to increase again to approximately 88.17 million tonnes in the 2011-2012 season. Trends affecting cereal grain production, exports and prices in Ukraine and Kazakhstan in 2010-2011 are also briefly discussed, together with trends affecting international cereal grain markets and prices.
  • Authors:
    • Boban, S.
    • Gherman, R.
    • Ciolac, R.
    • Balan, I.
    • Dincu, A.
  • Source: Research Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Volume: 43
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Specific agricultural production showed very different dynamics, both sector (plant and animal) and the regional profile, depending on the diversity of agro-climatic suitability, and the utilization of production factors. The structure of cultivated areas is a technical indicator of the major influences on economic performance and reflect the share that each culture deals with arable land. It does not take random values, but must be directed strictly according to the demand for food products shown on the agricultural products market. Lowland area of Timis county is occupied by the Western Plain. This is the second largest pool of grain production after the Romanian Plain and the Lower Danube. The structure of grain growing areas have 70-75% share, well above normal values. Typically grain must not exceed the maximum weight of two thirds of the arable land. Among cereal grains, namely wheat, barley, barley, rye and oats together have 40-50% share. Local climatic conditions offer many possibilities for agricultural development. Natural landscape is favorable most types of specific crops and continental temperate zone as a consequence of the West region has extensive agricultural land, Arad and Timis counties topping, in this respect among the first in the country. Cereals is one of the oldest and most important agricultural activity in Arad and Timis counties, which have the largest areas of arable. Romanian agricultural production in general, including the west of the country, turned to grain production, not to put too much problem recovery products. Farmer has no means of production, so that technological support has been achieved and is still performed in the services system. In 2008, global agricultural production calculated in current prices was 2,415,821 thousand. Of that total global production plant is 1,708,457 thousand, which meant 70, 7% of total world production was 674 351 Animal thousand, respectively 27, 9%, and the difference, ie 1.4% is represented by various services of the agriculture holdings. Structure of gross agricultural production in an angrarian economy healthy, normally should take the following value: 48-55% global production plant, animal production 45-52% overall, Romania is still far from these value. We could say that we have developed an agricultural production sector in the Western states of Europe, wehre animal production will exceed the overall 50% share of total gross agricultural production structure.
  • Authors:
    • Damiescu, L.
    • Trif, A.
    • Galbenu-Morvay, P.
    • Simion, G.
  • Source: Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture
  • Volume: 68
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium, principally by F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. equiseti and F. acuminatum which are common contaminants in staple foods of cereal origin such as oats, barley, rice, maize, wheat etc., and different by-products. T-2 toxin belongs to the closely related sesquiterpenoid family of thrichotecenes and is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. Its main effects are usually observed in the immune system which has strong impact on the health of both humans and animals. Although is one of the most toxic type A trichothecene, T-2 toxin occurrence data is scarce and European Commission (EC) legal limits are not yet available. The objective of the present study was to monitor the occurrence of T-2 toxin in cereals and cereal-based foods marketed in an area of western Romania (Timis and Arad counties), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. T-2 toxin was present in all analyzed samples (maize, wheat, corn flakes, breakfast cereals, biscuits), with values ranging between 0.8 g/kg and 23.4 g/kg and median value of 4.9. This study points out also the necessity of a continuous survey of cereals and cereal-based products for T-2 toxin presence and levels, and stresses the need for establishing legislative maximum admitted levels in foods.
  • Authors:
    • Golinowska, M.
  • Source: Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: In early 2010, in Lower Silesia, there were 1,025 organic farms, including 47% of households had a status of "inconversion". Most of them, up to 23% of organic farms were located in the county Kodzko and 16% in the district of Wroclaw. The diversity of organic farms in various districts of Lower Silesia was high and ranged from 1 (Strzelin district) to 235 (Kodzko district). Lot of factors had an influence on such a large diversity of organic farms deployment and the most important included the quality of agricultural production surface. A characteristic feature of organic farms of Lower Silesia is that about 80% of the main type of organic production are meadows and pastures (package 58A) and fodder crops for animal feed (pack 50A to 57A). Cereal Organic-grown consisted of wheat and spelled (from 3% to 30% of producers) quite a lot consisted of more than 20% rye, oats, from 7.5% to 28.6% and buckwheat. Production of vegetables and fruits is listed only in a few percent of the farms. Due to the possibility of high subsidies for orchards planted with walnut, this package (A 67) has become the direction of production of several agricultural producers. Organic farms of Lower Silesia are mainly focused on plant production. Only in about 20% of organic farms production is carried out by organic livestock, which provides cow's milk, goat cheese, veal, beef and eggs. In tourist areas the equines were bred in many organic farms for recreational purposes.
  • Authors:
    • Bobrecka-Jamro, D.
    • Jarecki, W.
  • Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
  • Volume: 28
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: In years 2000-2004 the statistics included only the sale of selected crop protection products allowed for use hence their maximum sale in commodity mass amounted to 26578 tones in 2002. Since 2005 full research concerning the sale of pesticides was started. As a result their recorded sale in commodity mass increased to 53347 tones. It will only be possible to specify the long time trend of the sale of crop protection products after the analysis of full statistics of subsequent years. In Poland in years 2000-2009 selling of certified seeds of wheat, barley, rye and oat and potato seedlings dropped considerably. The level of dropping varied. Only in case of triticale the increase of certified sale was noticed. It was considered necessary to widespread the information concerning the benefits resulting from the exchange of seed material. In agricultural practice it will allow to use variety progress and to secure financial means (license fees) for further creative research in planting.
  • Authors:
    • Ji, H.
    • Song, T.
    • Han, O.
    • Lee, H.
    • Ju, J.
  • Source: Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
  • Volume: 31
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Soil fertility different depend on application rate of manure and compost for many years. While each crop has different adaptability depend on soil fertility, crop and species or varieties should be chosen depending on the adaptability and productivity. These experiments were carried out to compare the five winter cereal crops for whole crop silage on growth, yield and feed value as affected by soil organic content. The rate of increase on no. of spikes at high fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Samhan (Oat's variety) > Cheongwoo (Wheat) > Gogu (Rye) > Youngyang (Barley) > Shinyoung (Triticale). The rate of decrease at low fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Youngyang > Gogu > Cheongwoo > Shinyoung > Samhan. The triticale was lower variation of no. of spikes as affected by soil organic content than that of other winter cereals. The variations of dry matter yield as affected by soil fertility was higher oat and barley and lower triticale. Forage yield of triticale was higher about 69 percent than that of barley at low fertile soil. Forage yield was the highest in triticale and the lowest in rye in all soil fertility. In high fertile soil, rate of increasing digestible dry matter (DDM) yield compared with medium fertile was high in Samhan and Youngyang. Rate of reduced DDM yield in low fertile soil compared with medium fertile was low in Shinyoung and Cheongwoo.
  • Authors:
    • Matysiak, K.
    • Kaczmarek, S.
    • Kardasz, P.
  • Source: Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin
  • Issue: 260/261
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Field experiments were carried out in 2005-2007 in the Experimental Station at Winna Gora, belonging to the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the herbicide mixtures tritosulfuron+dicamba (Mocarz 75 WG) in spring wheat variety Bryza, spring barley var. Antek and oat var. Cwa, sown separately and in cereal mixtures. Mocarz 75 WG herbicide was applied at a dose of 0.2 kg.ha -1 in the 3-5 leaf stage of cereals, using knapsack sprayer Gloria. Analysis of weed infestation of cereals were made by volume-weight assessment, twice during the growing season (3-4 weeks after herbicide application and 7-8 weeks after application). The efficacy of the herbicide in the cereal mixtures was compared with its effectiveness in the individual species. Analyses indicated that the barley-oat mixtures were the slightest and wheat-oat mixtures were the most infested by weeds. It was confirmed that a mixture of wheat and barley, wheat and oat and barley with oat reduced the influence of weed infestation. The higher efficacy of the mixture tritosulfuron+dicamba in cereal mixtures compared to the individual components was also indicated. Grain yields of cereals in mixtures with wheat as a component were significantly higher than in pure stands of wheat, while the yields of barley and oat mixture yielded higher than the two species sown alone.