• Authors:
    • Dem'yanov, N.
  • Source: Ekonomika Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh i Pererabatyvayushchikh Predpriyatii
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: According to official Rosstat data, Russian production of cereal grains totalled 60 959 560 tonnes in 2010, down from 97 110 960 tonnes in 2009. Production of all main types of grain fell significantly between 2009 and 2010. Wheat production totalled 41.51 million tonnes in 2010 (compared with 61.74 million tonnes in 2009), while production of barley totalled 8.35 million tonnes (down from 17.88 million tonnes in 2009), rye production was 1.64 million tonnes (4.33 million tonnes in 2009), cereal maize 3.08 million tonnes (3.96 million tonnes in 2009), and oats 3.22 million tonnes (5.40 million tonnes in 2009). Rice was the only major crop to record increased production, at 1.06 million tonnes in 2010 compared with 910 000 tonnes in 2009. The most marked decreases in cereal grain production in 2010 were recorded in the Privolzhskii, Central and Far East Federal Districts, where 2010 production levels were 30.14%, 45.03% and 51.14% of 2009 totals, respectively. A temporary ban imposed on the main types of cereal grain from mid-August 2010 onwards meant that export volumes were insignificant in the period from September 2010 to March 2011, with rice accounting for virtually all exports in this period. Imports were expected to total 0.95-1.3 million tonnes in the 2010-2011 season, with the bulk of these imports expected to occur after February 2011 as domestic grain stocks were exhausted. A decision of the Customs Union (covering Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) published on 1 March 2011 indicated that imports of wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize prior to 30 June 2011 would not be subject to import duties. Russian cereal grain consumption is forecast to total approximately 64 million tonnes in 2010-2011, approximately 11 million tonnes lower than in 2009-2010. The main reason for lower consumption is a decrease in utilization of cereal grains in animal feeds. Total cereal grain production was expected to increase again to approximately 88.17 million tonnes in the 2011-2012 season. Trends affecting cereal grain production, exports and prices in Ukraine and Kazakhstan in 2010-2011 are also briefly discussed, together with trends affecting international cereal grain markets and prices.
  • Authors:
    • Boban, S.
    • Gherman, R.
    • Ciolac, R.
    • Balan, I.
    • Dincu, A.
  • Source: Research Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Volume: 43
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Specific agricultural production showed very different dynamics, both sector (plant and animal) and the regional profile, depending on the diversity of agro-climatic suitability, and the utilization of production factors. The structure of cultivated areas is a technical indicator of the major influences on economic performance and reflect the share that each culture deals with arable land. It does not take random values, but must be directed strictly according to the demand for food products shown on the agricultural products market. Lowland area of Timis county is occupied by the Western Plain. This is the second largest pool of grain production after the Romanian Plain and the Lower Danube. The structure of grain growing areas have 70-75% share, well above normal values. Typically grain must not exceed the maximum weight of two thirds of the arable land. Among cereal grains, namely wheat, barley, barley, rye and oats together have 40-50% share. Local climatic conditions offer many possibilities for agricultural development. Natural landscape is favorable most types of specific crops and continental temperate zone as a consequence of the West region has extensive agricultural land, Arad and Timis counties topping, in this respect among the first in the country. Cereals is one of the oldest and most important agricultural activity in Arad and Timis counties, which have the largest areas of arable. Romanian agricultural production in general, including the west of the country, turned to grain production, not to put too much problem recovery products. Farmer has no means of production, so that technological support has been achieved and is still performed in the services system. In 2008, global agricultural production calculated in current prices was 2,415,821 thousand. Of that total global production plant is 1,708,457 thousand, which meant 70, 7% of total world production was 674 351 Animal thousand, respectively 27, 9%, and the difference, ie 1.4% is represented by various services of the agriculture holdings. Structure of gross agricultural production in an angrarian economy healthy, normally should take the following value: 48-55% global production plant, animal production 45-52% overall, Romania is still far from these value. We could say that we have developed an agricultural production sector in the Western states of Europe, wehre animal production will exceed the overall 50% share of total gross agricultural production structure.
  • Authors:
    • Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, S.
    • Siler-Marinkovic, S.
    • Djordjevic, T.
  • Source: International Journal of Food Properties
  • Volume: 14
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of 4 cereals (buckwheat, wheat germ, barley, and rye) and 4 legume seeds (lentils, mungo bean, red kidney bean, and soy bean) were determined. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, for cereal samples varied from 13.2 to 50.7 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract, while for legume samples varied from 17.0 to 21.9 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Antioxidant activities were comparatively assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. The tested plant extracts showed promising antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, thus justifying their traditional use. Among examined cereals all the applied methods, except TBA method, have shown that buckwheat have the highest antioxidant activity, while among examined legumes results varied depending on the method used.
  • Authors:
    • Hartmann, G.
    • Gessendorfer, B.
    • Wieser, H.
    • Koehler, P.
  • Source: European Food Research and Technology
  • Volume: 232
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: A method to determine the celiac disease-specific peptidase activity of different germinated cereals was developed. Kernels of common wheat, spelt, emmer, einkorn, rye, and barley were germinated, lyophilized, and milled into flour and bran. The latter was extracted at pH 4.0 to obtain a solution enriched with peptidases. The synthetic alpha-gliadin peptide with the amino acid sequence PQPQLPYPQPQLPY (peptide IV), which has been shown to be toxic for celiac disease patients, was selected as substrate for bran peptidases. It was quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on C 18 silica gel. For kinetic studies, rye bran extract was incubated with peptide IV at 50°C and pH 6.5. The peptide was degraded continuously, and only 30.2% of the original peptide was detected after 90 min. Accordingly, the bran extracts of all cereals were investigated. The incubation time was set to 60 min at 50°C, and the degradation of peptide IV was performed at pH 4.0 and 6.5, respectively. Except for rye, peptide degradation was faster at pH 4.0 than at pH 6.5. At pH 4.0, emmer extract was most active, followed by spelt, common wheat, and einkorn extracts. The activity of rye and barley extracts was significantly lower. In conclusion, the method is easy to perform, quick, and provides reproducible results. It can be applied to other peptidase sources such as bacterial or fungal cultures to optimize peptidase preparations suitable for detoxifying gluten-containing food or for drugs to treat celiac disease.
  • Authors:
    • Golinowska, M.
  • Source: Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: In early 2010, in Lower Silesia, there were 1,025 organic farms, including 47% of households had a status of "inconversion". Most of them, up to 23% of organic farms were located in the county Kodzko and 16% in the district of Wroclaw. The diversity of organic farms in various districts of Lower Silesia was high and ranged from 1 (Strzelin district) to 235 (Kodzko district). Lot of factors had an influence on such a large diversity of organic farms deployment and the most important included the quality of agricultural production surface. A characteristic feature of organic farms of Lower Silesia is that about 80% of the main type of organic production are meadows and pastures (package 58A) and fodder crops for animal feed (pack 50A to 57A). Cereal Organic-grown consisted of wheat and spelled (from 3% to 30% of producers) quite a lot consisted of more than 20% rye, oats, from 7.5% to 28.6% and buckwheat. Production of vegetables and fruits is listed only in a few percent of the farms. Due to the possibility of high subsidies for orchards planted with walnut, this package (A 67) has become the direction of production of several agricultural producers. Organic farms of Lower Silesia are mainly focused on plant production. Only in about 20% of organic farms production is carried out by organic livestock, which provides cow's milk, goat cheese, veal, beef and eggs. In tourist areas the equines were bred in many organic farms for recreational purposes.
  • Authors:
    • Stein, N.
    • Scholz, U.
    • Taudien, S.
    • Schon, C.
    • Mascher, M.
    • Zhou, R.
    • Seidel, M.
    • Schmutzer, T.
    • Haseneyer, G.
    • Mayer, K.
    • Bauer, E.
  • Source: BMC Plant Biology
  • Volume: 11
  • Issue: 131
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Background: The improvement of agricultural crops with regard to yield, resistance and environmental adaptation is a perpetual challenge for both breeding and research. Exploration of the genetic potential and implementation of genome-based breeding strategies for efficient rye ( Secale cereale L.) cultivar improvement have been hampered by the lack of genome sequence information. To overcome this limitation we sequenced the transcriptomes of five winter rye inbred lines using Roche/454 GS FLX technology. Results: More than 2.5 million reads were assembled into 115,400 contigs representing a comprehensive rye expressed sequence tag (EST) resource. From sequence comparisons 5,234 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified to develop the Rye5K high-throughput SNP genotyping array. Performance of the Rye5K SNP array was investigated by genotyping 59 rye inbred lines including the five lines used for sequencing, and five barley, three wheat, and two triticale accessions. A balanced distribution of allele frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 was observed. Residual heterozygosity of the rye inbred lines varied from 4.0 to 20.4% with higher average heterozygosity in the pollen compared to the seed parent pool. Conclusions: The established sequence and molecular marker resources will improve and promote genetic and genomic research as well as genome-based breeding in rye.
  • Authors:
    • Ward, G.
    • Jacobs, J.
  • Source: Animal Production Science
  • Volume: 51
  • Issue: 12
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Limitations to the current perennial ryegrass-based pasture system on dryland dairy farms in southern Australia has led to research into alternatives that can produce either additional DM, out of season feed or can improve nutritive characteristics. The use of winter annual crops followed by a summer crop have the potential to achieve these goals but often result in considerable periods where new crops are establishing and feed is not available for consumption. Companion cropping offers an option to overcome these limitations. The experiment reported in this paper examines the DM yields, nutritive characteristics and mineral content of companion cropping wheat or triticale at different sowing rates into an existing chicory monoculture over a 2-year period. We hypothesised that oversowing cereal crops in autumn into an existing stand of chicory would result in improvements in nutritive characteristics at ensiling, without adversely affecting DM yield or subsequent chicory DM yields following harvesting, thus negating the need to sow a new summer forage crop each year. Total DM yields for the chicory and cereal monocultures were similar over the experimental period, while DM yields for all triticale mixtures were higher than the chicory only treatment. Chicory produced lower DM yields for silage but higher DM yields at most grazing events. The crude protein and estimated metabolisable energy content of the chicory only treatment was higher than the cereal monocultures and all triticale/chicory mixtures at both silage harvests with wheat/chicory mixes being intermediate. The proportion of chicory in the mixed swards declined over the course of the experiment. The use of chicory with cereals resulted in no adverse effects on total DM yields, some improvements in nutritive characteristics and mineral content and a more continuous supply of DM compared with double cropping with annual species in winter and summer. This experiment has highlighted the potential of oversowing cereal forages into an existing chicory sward to contribute to DM production on dairy farms in southern Australia. Such forage mixes can provide flexibility into forage systems through the provision of forage for grazing in early winter, the production of high DM yield silage harvests and then subsequent feed supply over summer and early autumn.
  • Authors:
    • Wegener, C.
    • Jurgens, H.
    • Jansen, G.
  • Source: Kraftfutter
  • Volume: 94
  • Issue: 5/6
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The potentials of light hybrid rye varieties as a major ingredient in animal feeds was discussed. The nutritive value and chemical composition of hybrid ryes were also presented.
  • Authors:
    • Bobrecka-Jamro, D.
    • Jarecki, W.
  • Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
  • Volume: 28
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: In years 2000-2004 the statistics included only the sale of selected crop protection products allowed for use hence their maximum sale in commodity mass amounted to 26578 tones in 2002. Since 2005 full research concerning the sale of pesticides was started. As a result their recorded sale in commodity mass increased to 53347 tones. It will only be possible to specify the long time trend of the sale of crop protection products after the analysis of full statistics of subsequent years. In Poland in years 2000-2009 selling of certified seeds of wheat, barley, rye and oat and potato seedlings dropped considerably. The level of dropping varied. Only in case of triticale the increase of certified sale was noticed. It was considered necessary to widespread the information concerning the benefits resulting from the exchange of seed material. In agricultural practice it will allow to use variety progress and to secure financial means (license fees) for further creative research in planting.
  • Authors:
    • Ji, H.
    • Song, T.
    • Han, O.
    • Lee, H.
    • Ju, J.
  • Source: Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
  • Volume: 31
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Soil fertility different depend on application rate of manure and compost for many years. While each crop has different adaptability depend on soil fertility, crop and species or varieties should be chosen depending on the adaptability and productivity. These experiments were carried out to compare the five winter cereal crops for whole crop silage on growth, yield and feed value as affected by soil organic content. The rate of increase on no. of spikes at high fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Samhan (Oat's variety) > Cheongwoo (Wheat) > Gogu (Rye) > Youngyang (Barley) > Shinyoung (Triticale). The rate of decrease at low fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Youngyang > Gogu > Cheongwoo > Shinyoung > Samhan. The triticale was lower variation of no. of spikes as affected by soil organic content than that of other winter cereals. The variations of dry matter yield as affected by soil fertility was higher oat and barley and lower triticale. Forage yield of triticale was higher about 69 percent than that of barley at low fertile soil. Forage yield was the highest in triticale and the lowest in rye in all soil fertility. In high fertile soil, rate of increasing digestible dry matter (DDM) yield compared with medium fertile was high in Samhan and Youngyang. Rate of reduced DDM yield in low fertile soil compared with medium fertile was low in Shinyoung and Cheongwoo.