131. Inverse and non-inverse relations between grain yield and quality in the Austrian cultivars of wheat, barley and rye.; Inverse und nicht inverse Beziehungen von Kornertrag und Qualitat im osterreichischen Sortenspektrum von Weizen, Gerste und Roggen.

• Authors:
  • Oberforster, M.
  • Werteker, M.
• Source: Tagungsband der 61. Jahrestagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzuchter und Saatgutkaufleute Osterreichs, 23-25 November 2010, Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Osterreich. Ertrag vs. Qualitat bei Getreide, Ol und Eiweisspflanzen
• Year: 2011
• Summary: Relations between grain yield and quality parameters of winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and spring barley were analysed. The results are based on the official Austrian VCU trials from 1979/80 to 2009/10 and on trials performed for the Descriptive List of Varieties. With respect to the species the number of trials was between 319 and 514, with a total of 39 (winter rye) to 139 (spring barley) cultivars. Adjusted means were calculated and correlated intervarietaly. In some cases inverse (statistically negative) relations between yield and quality, e.g. protein content, extract yield difference and color of wort of malting barley, fiber content of feed barley, are desired, whereas the significant intervarietal inverse relation of grain yield and protein content of quality wheat ( r=-0.48** in the Pannonian region; -0.53* in humid areas) and normal bread wheat ( r=-0.73** in the Pannonian region; -0.83** in humid areas) represents a challenge for breeders. Protein quality, expressed as sedimentation value and swelling number, as well as kneading and stretching properties of doughs, baking volume and milling properties were less or not at all influenced. In winter and spring barley the breeding progress is accompanied by an increase in thousand kernel weight and better results of the sieving analysis ( r=0.42** to 0.86**). In rye, especially in hybrid rye, a higher grain yield may be combined with a more favourable falling number and viscosity (amylogram).

132. Population growth of Sitobion akebiae (Shinji) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on barley, wheat, oats and rye seedlings.

• Authors:
  • Honda, K.
  • Ohta, I.
• Source: Annual Report of the Kansai Plant Protection Society
• Issue: 53
• Year: 2011
• Summary: Sitobion akebiae is a promising alternative host aphid using a banker-plant system of Aphidius gifuensis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of host plant species and varieties on population growth of S. akebiae. Barley, wheat, oats and rye were tested in this study. The population increase of S. akebiae were lower on seedlings of the barley variety 'Shunrai' than other plants. But S. akebiae successfully increased on the matured plants with ears of 'Shunrai'. These results suggest that young seedlings of the barley 'Shunrai' should be useless for host plants of S. akebiae.

133. The development of cereal grain production in Volgograd Oblast' on the basis of a clustering process.

• Authors:
  • Osetrov, D.
• Source: Ekonomika Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh i Pererabatyvayushchikh Predpriyatii
• Issue: 4
• Year: 2011
• Summary: In 2006-2009, total annual production of food and feed grain crops in Russia's Volgograd Oblast' averaged 3 652 300 tonnes, of which the main food crops (winter and spring wheat, rye, buckwheat and millet) accounted for 85.8%, the main feed crops (barley, oats, cereal maize and legumes) 14.1%, and other food and feed crops 0.1%. In 2001-2005, the region's total annual production of food and feed grain crops averaged 3 075 500 tonnes, of which the main food crops accounted for 78.9%, the main feed crops 21.1%, and other food and feed crops 0.0%. Total production of food grains, increased significantly (29.1%) between the 2001-2005 and 2006-2009 periods, with this growth largely attributable to higher harvests of winter wheat (up 50.1%). Total production of feed grains fell by 20.4% between the 2001-2005 and 2006-2009 periods, with harvests of barley, oats and legumes falling by 45.9%, 34.8% and 37.2% respectively, although cereal maize output more than quadrupled. On average in the 2006-2009 period, 1 755 000 tonnes/year of cereal grains were exported outside the region, and 112 000 tonnes/year were imported. Analysis of actual consumption of cereal grains in Volgograd Oblast' shows that total regional consumption averaged 1 919 000 tonnes/year in 2006-2009, of which 19.3% was used for seeds, 62.1% for animal feeds, 13.0% for food purposes, and 2.4% for other industrial processing, with 3.2% losses. A very similar usage pattern was recorded in 2001-2005. It is anticipated that demand for feed grains will rise as a result of implementation of government agricultural policies aimed at stimulating animal production, including the priority national programme "Development of the agro-industrial complex". While 62.1% of cereal grains consumed in Volgograd Oblast' in 2006-2009 were used in animal feeds (1 191 000 tonnes/year), feed crops accounted for only 14.1% of the region's cereal grain output (515 200 tonnes/year). Consequently many enterprises in the animal production segment were forced to use significant volumes of food grains, particularly wheat, for production of animal feeds. This pushes up the price of feeds, and also causes imbalances in the nutrient composition of feeds. Production of food grains in Volgograd Oblast' significantly exceeds demand, and the percentage of total cereal grain production accounted for by food grains is continuing to rise. However the region's food industry still suffers from shortages of some types of cereal grain. In order to correct the problems that have been identified with regard to cereal grains production in Volgograd Oblast', a strategy based on formation of clusters of cereal grain producers, processors and end users is recommended. Recommendations for improvements to the structure of cereal grain production in the region are also presented. These include significant increases in volumes of production of feed crops, in particular oats, maize, legumes and triticale.

134. Research on economic and technical evolution of the main indicators for the cereal grains in the Suburban areas of Iasi.

• Authors:
  • Postolache, A.
• Source: Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi
• Volume: 54
• Issue: 2
• Year: 2011
• Summary: Consumption needs for agricultural and food products evolve with the economic and social development. Providing optimum standards of food consumption is a difficult problem because of influences of different factors, including diversity and mobility needs of the consumer and the great variety of possibilities to meet them. For local producers to compete with producers of other districts and particularly those of foreign markets with competitive bidding, local producers must be to develop new elements of competitiveness (Brands, marketing innovations, supply services, adapting to the single market, major investment efforts, etc.). And adapt quality standards in production and marketing. This paper aims to analyze the results of the production of cereal grains in related communities perirbane area of Iasi in the period 2009-2011 as well as highlighting research on culture and territorial distribution of cereal grains in the same area. The analyze of the indicator' system pointed out that in Iasi, corn is the best profitable culture, followed by: barley, wheat, rye and oat.

135. Greenhouse gas emissions from oats, barley, wheat and rye production.

• Authors:
  • Mikkola, H.
  • Rajaniemi, M.
  • Ahokas, J.
• Source: Agronomy Research
• Volume: 9
• Issue: Special Issue I
• Year: 2011
• Summary: The aim of this study was to analyze greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oats, barley, spring wheat and rye production in Finland. The GHG emissions were analyzed in a conventional production chain, direct drilling chain and reduced tillage chain. The greenhouse gases were analyzed per kilogram grain (kg CO 2-eq. kg -1) and hectare (kg CO 2-eq. ha -1). The main part of the GHG emissions of the grain production chain originated from fertilizer manufacturing and soil. Soil emissions were a result of using N-fertilizer which induced N 2O emission and liming which induced CO 2-emission. GHG emissions from soil were about half of all emissions of grain production. Therefore, the N-fertilizer application rate had a strong direct and indirect effect on the GHG emissions. Wheat (2,330 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1) and rye (2,270 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1) had higher GHG emissions per hectare than oats and barley. The main reason for this was the higher application rate of N-fertilizer. The emissions of oats and barley were 1,800 and 1,930 kg CO 2-eq. ha -1. The yield had a strong impact on the emissions per kilogram of grain. Oats (570 g CO 2-eq. kg -1), barley (570 g CO 2-eq. kg -1) and wheat (590 g CO 2-eq. kg -1) had lower greenhouse emissions than rye. A low grain yield together with high N-fertilizer application rate caused higher greenhouse gas emission for rye (870 g CO 2-eq. kg -1). Direct drilling and reduced tillage resulted in some lower GHG emissions than conventional tillage. However, differences between production chains were minor.

136. The impact of white clover-winter wheat bi-cropping on cereals in an organic crop rotation.

• Authors:
  • Kadziuliene, Z.
  • Sarunaite, L.
• Source: Grassland farming and land management systems in mountainous regions. Proceedings of the 16th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Gumpenstein, Austria, 29th-31st August, 2011
• Year: 2011
• Summary: The potential of white clover to supply winter cereals with biologically fixed N was investigated in an experiment conducted on a loamy Cambisol. Spring barley, white clover as pure-sown crops, and clover with barley cover crops were established in the spring of the first experimental year. In the autumn, wheat was direct drilled into differently sown and managed clover to form a bi-cropping system. In other treatments wheat was conventionally sown after ploughing in of pre-crops. In the autumn of the second year, winter rye was conventionally drilled into the plots. The N content of pre-crop residues incorporated into the soil was higher in clover treatments with the barley cover crop. The wheat grain yield was higher (5.3-6.0 t ha -1) after ploughing in clover. The grain yield was significantly lower in the bi-cropping system and varied depending on the treatments (1.3-4.7 t ha -1); however, the yield was high for an organic crop rotation. The highest N concentrations in wheat grain yield were observed in bi-cropping. The winter rye grain yield was higher after differently direct drilled wheat (2.7-3.5 t ha -1) compared with that of conventionally drilled wheat (1.7-2.05 t ha -1). N concentration in rye grain was higher after a bi-cropping system had been used.

137. Transferring useful rye genes to wheat, using triticale as a bridge.

• Authors:
  • Serban, G.
  • Ittu, M.
  • Ciuca, M.
  • Ittu, G.
  • Saulescu, N. N.
  • Mustatea, P.
• Source: Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding
• Volume: 47
• Issue: Special Issue
• Year: 2011
• Summary: Rye has already proven to be a good donor of genes for improving important traits and diversity in wheat breeding. The agronomic advantages of wheat-rye translocations, as well as their detrimental pleiotropic effects, were shown to be dependent on the source of the transferred rye chromatin. This justifies continued effort for introgression of rye genes from various sources into various wheat backgrounds. There are still many genes of interest for wheat improvement, not yet transferred, that are available in the rye genome. This paper describes the strategy applied at the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea (Romania), to take advantage of the existence of intensive breeding programs in both winter wheat and triticale, and presents some of the results obtained so far by applying this strategy, in obtaining lines with common bunt, barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) and other diseases resistances, as well as improved seedling vigour and crop spectral reflectance.

138. Productivity and quality of major grain forage crops on sod-podzolic soils.

• Authors:
  • Brazhnikova, T.
  • Shpakov, A.
• Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
• Issue: 10
• Year: 2011
• Summary: The article presents the main results of research into productivity and nutritive qualities of grain forage of winter wheat, winter rye, winter triticale, barley, and oats, on sodpodzolic soils in the Central natural and economical area.

139. The effect of plants grown in narrow and wide row-spacing on soil structure.; Wpyw roslin uprawianych w waskie i szerokie rzedy na strukture gleby.

• Authors:
  • Gawronska-Kulesza, A.
  • Suwara, I.
• Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
• Volume: 28
• Issue: 2
• Year: 2011
• Summary: Soil structure is one of the most important factors affecting soil fertility. In the structure-forming process the main role is played by organic matter and biological processes occurring in soil. The role of plants largely depends on their influence on the content of organic matter in the soil. The favourable influence of continuous pasture and red clover on formation of the granular structure are commonly known. The aim of these studies was to determine the effect of annual plants grown in narrow (spring barley, winter rye, winter oilseed rape, white mustard) and wide row-spacing (potato, maize) on the structure of light soil. The plants were cultivated in four-year crop rotation: potatoes (or maize) - spring barley - oilseed winter rape (or white mustard) - winter rye. In a permanent fertilization experiment at yczyn near Warsaw established in 1960 soil crumb composition and water resistance were investigated in years 1994-1997. The field was situated on lessive soil, the upper layer of which constitutes light loamy sand on boulder loam. The soil for studies was taken from the arable layer of 0-20 cm. The cultivated plants significantly influenced soil structure and water resistance of soil aggregates. The soil from plots in which winter plants were grown in narrow row-spacing (winter oilseed rape, winter rye) was characterised by the best structure. The highest water resistance of aggregates was formed on these plots. Potato and maize, grown in wide row-spacing had the worst influence on the soil crumb composition and water resistance of aggregates. Their action on the soil started relatively late, what had an effect on the formation of water resistance of aggregates. Plants shading the soil well over the year favour the increase in water resistance of aggregates and those shading poorly like potatoes and maize - its decrease.

140. Fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy in-line monitoring of the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in rye:water mashes for first-generation bioethanol production.

• Authors:
  • Bernardi, T.
  • Tamburini, E.
  • Castaldelli, G.
• Source: Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
• Volume: 19
• Issue: 3
• Year: 2011
• Summary: The application described in this paper addresses problems encountered during the large scale production of ethanol from renewable sources. Bioethanol can be produced from several starchy raw materials (i.e. wheat, corn, barley, rye). After hydrolysis to glucose, starch can be converted in ethanol by fermentation. The hydrolysis of starch requires a multi-phase process using different enzymes. The degree of hydrolysis is a critical parameter because it determines the physical and chemical properties of the final products. The aims of this work were to monitor the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from rye using Fourier-transformed near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, and to identify barriers for an industrial scale application of this technology. The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from rye was carried out in three steps, using commercially-available enzymes. A FT-NIR reflectance probe was immersed in the reactor to monitor the different phases of the hydrolysis process. The most significant parameters submitted to the NIR calibration were the percentage of dry matter (%w/v) (degreesBrix) and the concentrations of maltotriose, maltose and glucose (% w/v). PLS calibration models were built using 24 samples and spectra fordegreesBrix, 32 samples for maltotriose, and 48 samples for both maltose and glucose, respectively. The models were considered as promising in terms of the squared Pearson correlation coefficient (0.89