• Authors:
    • Borner, A.
    • Leonova, I.
    • Matthies, I.
    • Salina, E.
    • Khlestkina, E.
    • Roder, M.
  • Source: Euphytica
  • Volume: 179
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The F3h gene encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase, one of the key enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, is involved in plant defense response, however, it has not yet been genetically mapped in such important crop species as wheat, barley and rye. In the current study, the F3h genes were for the first time genetically mapped in these species, using microsatellite and RFLP markers. The three wheat F3h homoeologous copies F3h-A1, F3h-B1 and F3h-D1, and rye F3h-R1 were mapped close to the microsatellite loci Xgwm0877 and Xgwm1067 on chromosomes 2AL, 2BL, 2DL, and 2RL, respectively. Wheat F3h-G1 and barley F3h-H1 were also mapped at the homoeologous F3h-1 position on chromosomes 2GL and 2HL, respectively. The non-homoeologous F3h gene ( F3h-B2) was mapped on wheat chromosome 2BL about 40 cM distal to the F3h-1 map position. The results obtained in the current study are important for further studies aimed on manipulation with F3h expression (and, hence, plant defense) in wheat, barley and rye.
  • Authors:
    • Kang, U.
    • Park, M.
    • Lee, J.
    • Lee, Y.
    • Oh, I.
    • Cho, H.
    • Ryu, J.
    • Park, C.
    • Seong, K.
    • Jeon, W.
    • Ku, J.
    • Kim, M.
  • Source: Korean Journal of Crop Science / Hanguk Jakmul Hakhoe Chi
  • Volume: 56
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4-2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6-1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/10 a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10 a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10 a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9-1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10 a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2-7.7 cm as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate, but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10-15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30-50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.
  • Authors:
    • Kovacs, V.
    • Boldizsar, A.
    • Szalai, G.
    • Soltesz, A.
    • Pal, M.
    • Kocsy, G.
    • Janda, T.
  • Source: Acta Agronomica Hungarica
  • Volume: 59
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Low temperature stress results in significant yield losses in cereals. Cereals of subtropical origin like maize and rice are severely damaged at temperatures below 10°C and are killed at subzero temperatures. This stress effect is called chilling. In contrast, cereals originating from the temperate zone (wheat, barley, rye and oat) may survive short periods even between -10 and -20°C, depending on the species and varieties, so they are freezing-tolerant to various extents. For the winter type of these cereals a gradual decrease in temperature up to -4°C results in cold acclimation, which increases their freezing tolerance. In addition, it fulfils their vernalization requirement, which is necessary for the correct timing of the vegetative to generative transition. During both chilling and freezing, oxidative stress is induced. Although the accumulation of high concentrations of reactive oxygen species may be lethal, a moderate increase in their level may activate various defence mechanisms. In this review the role of reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, carbohydrates, free amino acids, polyamines and hormones in the response to low temperature stress in cereals will be described. The effect of light and the use of the model plant Brachypodium distachyon L. to reveal the biochemical and molecular biological background of this response will also be discussed.
  • Authors:
    • Blaha, L.
    • Huda, P.
    • Stehno, Z.
    • Capouchova, I.
    • Konvalina, P.
    • Moudry, J.
    • Moudry, J.
  • Source: Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi, Seria Agronomie
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007, and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 889/2008, are the most important European legislative instructions on organic farming (OF). They lay down a permit to use just organic seeds (OS) for establishment of organi c crop stands. Such seeds have to originate from the plants being grown in compliance with OF rules for at least one generation. Organic farmers are obliged, in compliance with the above-mentioned legislation, to use seeds originating from organic production when establishing crop stands. Otherwise, they are allowed to use their own seeds or they may apply for an exception to a relevant public authority in order to use conventional untreated seeds. There are 3,517 organic farmers in the Czech Republic (CZ) and they manage their farms on the total surface of 448,202 ha, which represent 10.55% of the agriculture land surface in CZ. Arable land represents 12.26% (54,937 ha) of the total organic land surface. Cereals were considered as the main market crops and grown on the surface of 22,762 ha in 2009. Deficiency of certified good-quality OS in CZ is one of the factors limiting the organic cereals growing there. Crop stands are currently established from certified OS (6%), conventional untreated seeds (37%) and farm seeds (57%) in CZ. They are usually established from "uncontrolled" farm seeds originating from repeated reseeding. As restrictions on conventional untreated seeds are being imposed, seed growers have to be motivated to provide a sufficient supply of certified OS. Current deficiency of approved seeds is also caused by a complexity of the reproduction process and small amount of approved seeds originating from the approved reproduction processes. Identical requirements for conventional and OS have been imposed but organic farming is not so highly intensive as conventional farming. It is one of the reasons of the current OS deficiency.
  • Authors:
    • Jaskowska, I.
    • Lubowicki, R.
    • Kowieska, A.
  • Source: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Zootechnica
  • Volume: 10
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: An analysis chemical composition of 33 samples of five cereal grains harvested in one year led to a conclusion that the greatest variations and statistically significant differences (P≤0.01) among cereals existed in their content of crude protein, crude fibre and the following fractions of dietary fibre: NDF, ADF, TDF, IDF and SDF. Analyzed winter wheat and winter rye varieties differ significantly (P≤0.01) from other cereal grains in their content of magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc and show a statistically significant difference (P≤0.05) in the content of calcium and copper. The average total content of amino acids was highest in wheat and lowest in winter barley. Lysine was found to be the first amino acid limiting (CS) the quality of protein in all analyzed varieties of cereal grains, with the exception of rye, while tryptophan was found to be such an amino acid for animals (WE). The high content of essential amino acids (EAA) was reflected in EAAI, which for WH ranged from 71% (spring barley) to 84% (winter triticale), and for WE from 51% (winter barley) to 60% (winter triticale).
  • Authors:
    • Majchrzak, L.
  • Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
  • Volume: 28
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The present studies were aimed at determine the allopathic interspecies interactions of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) mixture with winter triticale ( Triticale L.) and winter rye ( Secale cereale L.), spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) with spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and winter triticale ( Triticale L.) on germination and seedling growth. The preliminary intercrop influences were done in a laboratory using developing dishes. These tests allowed us to determine the allelopathic effect of tested grain species on the germinating ability of seeds of other grain crop species as well as on the length of root, coleoptiles length, fresh and air dry matter of roots and coleoptiles. The results showed that neighboring of wheat reduced germinating ability about 11%, reduced root system about 26%, and fresh matter of coleoptiles 42% as compared to the treatment with pure sowing of barley grain. There was no inhibiting influence allelopatic potential of triticale root exudates in his mixture relation with barley and wheat in grounds of analyses features. The research showed growth of germinating ability of winter wheat in mixture with winter triticale, but difference was not significant.
  • Authors:
    • Paliwal, J.
    • Mebatsion, H.
    • Jayas, D.
  • Source: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
  • Volume: 80
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The variation in the shape of cereal grains, namely; barley, oat, rye and wheat (Canada Western Amber Durum and Canada Western Red Spring), were quantitatively evaluated using principal components analysis (PCA) based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Grain image boundary contours were extracted from the digital images of kernels, expressed as chain-coded points and then approximated by 13 elliptic Fourier coefficients. After normalization of the size, rotation and starting point of the contours, four groups of coefficients namely; invariant, symmetrical, asymmetric and standardized Fourier coefficients were analyzed separately using PCA. The PCA based on the symmetric Fourier coefficients captured the shape variability of different grains with fewer principal components (PCs) than the rest. Results suggest that the major shape variations of grains can be summarized by the first two, five, eight and seventeen PCs of the symmetric, standardized, invariant and asymmetric Fourier coefficients, respectively, capturing about 99% of shape variations. The effect of growing regions on kernel shapes was also studied and results revealed that the shape variability is well captured by the PCA of the symmetric coefficients of the standardized Fourier descriptors.
  • Authors:
    • Bow, J.
    • Muir, J.
  • Source: Agronomy Journal
  • Volume: 103
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: 'Tifton 85' bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.) * C. transvaalensis Burt Davy] is a warm-season forage used on southeastern U.S. dairy concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). Cool-season annual forages need to be identified that can be overseeded into Tifton 85 and remove the greatest quantity of P or N while minimizing suppression of bermudagrass spring regrowth. During 3 yr we overseeded six grass, five legume, and two Brassica spp. on a dairy CAFO Tifton 85 field on a Windthorst fine sandy loam (fine, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalf) containing 83 mg plant-available P kg -1 soil. Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.), barley ( Hordium vulgare L.), oat ( Avena sativa L.), and rye ( Secale cereale L.) yielded the most (entry * year interaction P
  • Authors:
    • Nidamanuri, R.
    • Zbell, B.
  • Source: Biosystems Engineering
  • Volume: 110
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Spectral library search is emerging as an automated method for exploiting finer spectral details available in hyperspectral remote sensing data. We report on the potential of transferring independent crop spectral libraries for classifying various agricultural crops using airborne hyperspectral image. Spectral libraries constructed from multi-season field reflectance measurements for five agricultural crops (alfalfa, winter barley, winter rape, winter rye, and winter wheat) are used for the per-pixel and per-field classification of HyMAP airborne hyperspectral image by the spectral library search method. Results obtained from this method are compared with the results obtained from the per-field object-oriented, and per-pixel support vector machines (SVM) supervised image classification using image-based training data. Results from the spectral library search approach (best overall accuracy: 82%) exhibit strong correlation with the results obtained from both the object-oriented and SVM-supervised classification approach. However, per-field object-oriented classification shows moderate increase in the classification performance. In spite of significant reduction in the overall accuracy, the resultant overall accuracy of about 82% obtained from the spectral library search is fairly high, given the large spatial and temporal differences maintained between the image data and the field reflectance measurements. Results indicate the existence of a meaningful spectral matching between image and reflectance library spectra for some of the crops considered, showing their potential for transferring reflectance spectral libraries for image classification. Incomplete library coverage and phenological variations are found to be the key issues that influence the prospect of transferring spectral libraries for image classification.
  • Authors:
    • Jelic, M.
    • Zivanovic-Katic, S.
    • Nikolic, O.
  • Source: Herbologia
  • Volume: 12
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The aim of this investigation was to study allelopathic and competitive relationships between weeds and small grains by grain harvest index (GHI) of small grain in order to provide more information about these complex relationships. In the study were included small grains: wheat ( Triticum aestivum), barley ( Hordeum sativum), oat ( Avena sativa L.), triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) and rye ( Secale cereale) and some weed species: Agropyron repens, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis, and Sorghum halepense. Applied extracts of weed species mainly expressed suppressed effect on GHI, but stimulating actions were noticed, too. Positive influence, on GHI was registered at Agropyron repens and Sonchus arvensis variant in wheat and at Agropyron repens segments variant in oat. The most expressive grain harvest index decreasing was noticed in Sinapis arvensis variant, while oat showed the least sensitiveness towards weed presence by GHI aspect. The intensity of competitive relationships between weed species and wheat, considering grain harvest index, depended on sprouting quickness and percentage of studied weed species.