• Authors:
    • Moffet, M.
    • Menalled, F.
    • Miller, Z.
    • Ito, D.
    • Burrows, M.
  • Source: Plant Disease
  • Volume: 96
  • Issue: 8
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Wild grasses, crops, and grassy weeds are known to host Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and its vector, the wheat curl mite (WCM). Their relative importance as a source of WSMV was evaluated. A survey of small-grain fields throughout Montana was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Cheatgrass was the most prevalent grassy weed and the most frequent viral host, with 6% infection by WSMV in 2008 ( n=125) and 15% in 2009 ( n=358). By mechanically inoculating plants with WSMV in the greenhouse, the highest susceptibility was found in rye brome (52.1%), jointed goatgrass (80.9%), and wild oat (53.9%). Quackgrass, not previously reported as a host, was susceptible to WSMV (12.7%). Mite transmission efficiency from susceptible grass species was lower than from wheat, and grass species must be a host for both WSMV and the WCM to serve as a virus source. WCM transmission was more efficient than mechanical transmission. Overall, results indicate that grass species can serve as a viral reservoir, regional variation in a weed species' susceptibility to WSMV cannot explain geographic variation in epidemic intensity, and crop species and closely related weeds (e.g., jointed goatgrass) remain the best reservoirs for both WSMV and the WCM.
  • Authors:
    • Jaskulski, D.
    • Osinski, G.
    • Jaskulska, I.
    • Madry, A.
  • Source: Fragmenta Agronomica
  • Volume: 29
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Drawing on the statistical survey performed over 2010-2011 on 155 farms in the Kujawy and Pomorze region, there was evaluated cultivar diversity for basic field crops and it was compared in the sown crops of winter wheat, spring barley, winter triticale, rye, maize, winter rape, sugar beet and potato. The following were determined: the knowledge of crop cultivars sown by farmers on production plantations and the most frequently grown cultivars, their number to the number of plantations of that species, diversity and domination defined using the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices. It was found that on 15.8-43.4% plantations the cultivars were not known to the farmers, most in the sown crops of spring barley. The best knowledge was recorded for the cultivars of winter wheat, winter rape and potato. A high richness of cultivars, expressed with the number of cultivars to the number of plantations, concerned the crops of potato, sugar beet and maize and the lowest richness - rye. The highest cultivar diversity of crops occurred in the sown winter wheat, winter triticale, winter rape, corn and spring barley. The lowest diversity, however, at the same time, the highest cultivar dominance, was recorded for sugar beet, potato and rye. The highest share of a single cultivar in the sown crop of the species was reported for 'Californium' winter rape, 'Dankowskie Zote' rye and 'Lord' potato.
  • Authors:
    • Song, M.
    • Choi, C.
    • Sohn, Y.
    • Jang, S.
    • Jeong, J.
    • Qin, W.
    • Kim, J.
    • Jin, G.
  • Source: Journal of Animal Science and Technology
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Feeding trial was conducted with 80 Hanwoo steers (7.5 months of age, 204.4 kg body weight) for 680 days from growing period to late fattening period to examine the feeding value of whole crop barley silage TMR (BS-TMR) and whole crop rye silage TMR (RS-TMR) on body gain, feed cost, slaughter characteristics and quality characteristics of longissimus dorsi muscle. Dietary treatments were conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw (control), feeding BS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (BS-TMR I), feeding BS-TMR for whole experimental period (BS-TMR II), feeding RS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (RS-TMR I) and RS TMR for whole experimental period (RS-TMR II). Sixteen castrated calves were assigned to each treatment (4 pens, 4 heads per pen). Pens in each treatment were randomly distributed. Feeding both BS silage TMR and RS silage TMR slightly increased body gain of Hanwoo steers at the stages of growing and early fattening, and increased (P
  • Authors:
    • Jo, I.
  • Source: Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
  • Volume: 32
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008-2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69-7.13, 0.46-0.51 and 3.95-4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1-3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.
  • Authors:
    • Naunheim, P.
    • Kerlen, D.
  • Source: Julius-Kuhn-Archiv
  • Volume: 2
  • Issue: 434
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Cadou FORTE (flufenacet; flurtamone; diflufenican) is a new cereal herbicide with efficacy against blackgrass ( Alopecurus myosuroides), loose silky-bentgrass ( Apera spica-venti L.), annual meadow-grass ( Poa annua L.) and a broad spectrum of dicot weeds. Cadou FORTE can be used in winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye, winter triticale and spelt for pre and post emergence application in autumn. This publication focuses on efficacy trials from three years of autumn application with Cadou FORTE.
  • Authors:
    • Reicosky, D.
    • Porter, P.
    • Baker, J.
    • Ochsner, T.
    • Krueger, E.
  • Source: Agronomy Journal
  • Volume: 104
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Recent proliferation of large dairies has prompted concern regarding environmental impacts of associated corn silage production and high-rate manure application. Our objectives were to compare environmental impacts and forage production of monocrop corn ( Zea mays L.) silage and rye ( Secale cereal L.)-corn silage double-crop systems with multiple corn planting dates and high-rate manure application near Morris, MN. From 2007 to 2009, corn for silage was seeded into a silt loam as a monocrop in early and mid-May and as a double-crop after rye in mid-May and early June. Manure was fall applied annually at average total N and P rates of 393 and 109 kg ha -1, respectively. Double-cropping reduced total forage dry matter (DM) yield 2 of 3 yr and reduced corn DM yield 15 to 25%. Soil NO 3-N to 90 cm accumulated at an average rate of 71 kg N ha -1 yr -1 with monocropping, but accumulation was not observed with double-cropping. Soil organic C concentration from 0 to 5 cm increased in the monocrop (18%) and double-crop (26%) systems over 3 yr. Average soil solution NO 3-N concentration was high with monocropping (52 mg L -1) and double-cropping (37 mg L -1), but estimated leaching load averaged only 8 kg ha -1 yr -1. Fall and spring ground cover was often less than 10% with monocropping but was usually greater than 30% with double-cropping. The primary environmental concerns identified for monocrop corn silage were soil NO 3-N buildup and inadequate ground cover. Double-cropping addressed each concern but often decreased forage production.
  • Authors:
    • Polyanskaya, N.
    • Suslov, S.
    • Kuchin, N.
  • Source: Ekonomika Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh i Pererabatyvayushchikh Predpriyatii
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: In 2009, production of leguminous and cereal grain crops in Russia's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast' totalled 1 432 400 tonnes, and the average crop yield was 2.44 tonnes/ha - the highest yield in 50 years. However extremely hot and dry weather conditions in 2010 caused a sharp reduction in harvest volumes, so that Nizhny Novgorod Oblast' had a total harvest of just 541 500 tonnes and an average crop yield of 1.36 tonnes/ha. 2010 harvest figures for the region were significantly lower than in 2006, when the total harvest volume was 1 169 900 tonnes and the average crop yield 2.05 tonnes/ha. Crop yields in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast' vary significantly between years, with yields being highly dependent on climate conditions. The greatest variation in yields occurs with maize, millet, and buckwheat crops. Strong variation in yields is also evident for wheat and leguminous crops, and moderate variation occurs in yields of rye, barley, and oats. For agricultural enterprises, the most significant factor influencing their production volumes and incomes is the structure of crops produced. The structure of crops produced in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast' has changed significantly since the pre-reform period, with a marked shift towards cultivation of food grade cereal grains, and away from production of feed crops. In 2010, wheat accounted for 56.8% of the region's total harvest, barley 21.9%, oats 10.7%, rye 7.6%, legumes 2.5%, triticale 0.4%, and groats crops 0.1%. Agricultural organizations continue to be the main cereal grain producers, despite increases in land areas used for cereal grain cultivation by private (peasant) farmers. In 2010, agricultural enterprises accounted for 92.2% of cereal grain production. Individual secondary farms account for only an insignificant proportion of grain crop production. Problems faced by enterprises operating in the region's cereal grain segment include a poor technical base, low rates of fertiliser application, and difficulties in securing suitably qualified workers. Approximately 80% of machines used by these enterprises have been in use for longer than their intended operating life. These problems have adverse effects on the efficiency of harvesting operations and on crop yields. It is important to address these issues if higher and more stable production volumes are to be achieved, and the profitability of crop production activities improved.
  • Authors:
    • Lindedam, J.
    • Bruun, S.
    • Larsen, S.
  • Source: Biomass & Bioenergy
  • Volume: 45
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Straw is a by-product from cereal production which constitutes a considerable biomass resource, for instance for 2G ethanol production. Straw yield per hectare and straw quality in terms of ethanol production are both important factors for the available biomass resource and the potential ethanol production per hectare. In a series of field trials on three locations in 2009, we compared straw and grain yield from the winter cereal species triticale, winter barley, winter rye, and winter wheat. Grain yield did not differ significantly between the species, but winter rye yielded up to 59% more straw dry matter than the other species. The release of glucose and xylose after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis i.e. the saccharification potential was used to indicate the potential for ethanol production. The saccharification potential did not differ between species, but due to the differences in straw yield, areal saccharification potential (i.e. potential sugar production per hectare) was from 29% to 78% higher for winter rye than for other species. In a series of winter wheat cultivar trials on two locations in 2008 and three locations in 2009, straw yield differed significantly between cultivars in both years and across years. The highest yielding cultivar yielded up to 57% and 37% more straw than the lowest yielding cultivar in the two years, respectively, even among cultivars with non-significant differences in grain yield. The saccharification potential was measured from straw of winter wheat cultivar trials harvested in 2009. The potential varied largely but was not significantly affected by neither cultivar nor location. Due to cultivar differences in straw yield, however, areal saccharification potential differed significantly between cultivars with up to 38% difference in glucose yield and up to 35% in xylose yield. Straw yield increased with increasing grain yield, but the straw:grain ratio differed significantly between cultivars and was not consistent across years and locations. This has implications for straw resource estimates when these are based on the relationship between grain yield and straw yield. In conclusion, it appears possible to choose species and cultivars with higher straw yield and consequently larger potential for ethanol production per hectare without compromising grain yield. This may provide a means of increasing the overall straw resource, as long as increased straw yield is not accompanied by negative effects such as increased tendency to lodging.
  • Authors:
    • Lemanczyk, G.
  • Source: Journal of Plant Protection Research
  • Volume: 52
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, rye, barley) grown in experimental fields were assessed for sharp eyespot. Preceding crops (spring cereals and fallow) and weed control (herbicides application, no control) were taken into account. The health status evaluation was carried out at the stem elongation phase and at the milk maturity stage. The macroscopic estimation was accompanied by the analysis of fungal species identified on stem bases and roots, which showed various disease symptoms. The analysis of fungal species from the genus Rhizoctonia were especially noted. Mycological analysis of roots was carried out at the seedling growth and stem elongation phase, and stem bases at the seedling growth and milk maturity stage. Infection caused by Rhizoctonia spp. was confirmed by polymeraze chain reaction (PCR) assay. The highest infection was noted on wheat followed by triticale, rye and barley. Occurrence of sharp eyespot depended more on weed control than on what the preceding crop had been. At the milk maturity stage, lower severity of sharp eyespot of triticale, rye and barley was noted on plots not treated with herbicides, and on wheat with herbicide application. The research showed a significant effect of the preceding crop only on the health status of wheat. At the milk maturity stage, the highest infection was noted after spring triticale and the lowest after oats. Stems of cereals with sharp eyespot symptoms and healthy stems were settled mainly by Rhizoctonia cerealis (wheat - 25.6%, triticale - 12.0%, rye - 22.2%, barley - 11.3%), rarely by R. solani (respectively 6.0, 4.0, 2.9 and 1.8%). Rhizoctonia solani was isolated more often from roots with true eyespot and Fusarium foot rot symptoms. It may suggest that R. cerealis was the main causal agent of sharp eyespot on all tested cereals. The preceding crop did not affect the composition of Rhizoctonia species.
  • Authors:
    • Pietrusiewicz, J.
    • Horn, R.
    • Lipiec, J.
    • Siczek, A.
  • Source: Soil & Tillage Research
  • Volume: 121
  • Year: 2012
  • Summary: Soil compaction affects pore structure and thereby plant root growth. Elongation and anatomy of seedling roots of wheat ( Triticum aestivum), barley ( Hordeum vulgare), rye ( Secale cereale), triticale ( Triticosecale Wittmack) and maize ( Zea mays) grown in uncompacted bulk field (U) and compacted headland (C) Orthic Luvisol developed from loess of the same field were compared. The seedlings were grown in a growth chamber for 7 days, in cores with undisturbed silt loam taken from 5 to 10 cm depths at compacted and uncompacted sites. Transverse root sections were taken from 25 to 30 mm behind the apex following imbedding in resin. Areas of cortex and vascular cylinder in the sections were determined using the Zeiss LSM Image Examiner. Total root length was smaller in C compared with U by, approximately, 50% for barley to 79% for triticale. Anatomical responses of the roots to soil compaction were related to the general shape of roots (circular or flattened), likely induced by the shape of pores. In the circular roots of wheat, rye and maize the primary anatomical response to soil compaction were the invaginations and associated cell deformation in the cortex. This was mostly pronounced in maize, with greater inherent root diameter. However, in the flattened roots of barley and triticale deformation of root cells was observed both in the cortex and vascular cylinder with less pronounced invaginations. Depending on plant species, the area of cortex and/or vascular cylinder decreased or increased in response to soil compaction. Total cross section area of roots increased in C compared to U among the small-grain cereals, from 9.5 in wheat to 132% in rye, while no differences could be detected in maize. The results indicate that the root elongation and anatomy exhibit considerable plasticity in response to soil compaction and strength of the local environment around the roots.