• Authors:
    • Domuta, C.
    • Ardelean, I.
    • Bandici, G.
  • Source: Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula: Protecţia Mediului
  • Volume: 14
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: The paper sustain the importance of the crop rotation on quality of the wheat yield and is based on the results carried out during 2003-2006 in a long term trial out placed on the preluvosoil from Oradea in 1990. Both in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions the smallest values of the protein, wet gluten and dry gluten were obtained in wheat monocrop; the values increased in the crop rotation wheat maize and the biggest values were registered bin the crop rotation wheat-maize-soybean.
  • Authors:
    • Wasaya, A.
    • Asif, M.
    • Tanveer, A.
    • Nadeem, M. A.
    • Tahir, M.
    • Ali, A.
    • Jamil-ur-Rehman
  • Source: Pakistan Journal Of Life and Social Science
  • Volume: 7
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: In field experiment at Faisalabad, Pakistan conducted during August, 2005, the effect of different irrigation management strategies on growth and yield of soybean was investigated. The experiment comprised of eight irrigation practices of viz; rainfed, one irrigation at vegetative growth stage, one irrigation at flowering, one irrigation at pod formation, two irrigations at vegetative growth stage and at flowering, two irrigations at vegetative growth stage and at pod formation, two irrigations at flowering and at pod formation and three irrigations at vegetative growth stage, at flowering and at pod formation. Number of plants m -2, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield was significantly higher when crop was irrigated with three irrigations at vegetative growth stage, at flowering and at pod formation.
  • Authors:
    • Griffis, T. J.
    • Baker, J. M.
  • Source: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
  • Volume: 149
  • Issue: 12
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Climate change and economic concerns have motivated intense interest in the development of renewable energy sources, including fuels derived from plant biomass. However, the specter of massive biofuel production has raised other worries, specifically that by displacing food production it will lead to higher food prices, increased incidence of famine, and acceleration of undesirable land use change. One proposed solution is to increase the annual net primary productivity of the existing agricultural land base, so that it can sustainably produce both food and biofuel feedstocks. This might be possible in corn and soybean production regions through the use of winter cover crops, but the biophysical feasibility of this has not been systematically explored. We developed a model for this purpose that simulates the potential biomass production and water use of winter rye in continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations. The input data requirements represent an attempt to balance the demands of a physically and physiologically defensible simulation with the need for broad applicability in space and time. The necessary meteorological data are obtainable from standard agricultural weather stations, and the required management data are simply planting dates and harvest dates for corn and soybeans. Physiological parameters for rye were taken from the literature, supplemented by experimental data specifically collected for this project. The model was run for a number of growing seasons for 8 locations across the Midwestern USA. Results indicate potential rye biomass production of 1-8 Mg ha(-1), with the lowest yields at the more northern sites, where both PAR and degree-days are limited in the interval between fall corn harvest and spring corn or soybean planting. At all sites rye yields are substantially greater when the following crop is soybean rather than corn, since soybean is planted later. Not surprisingly, soil moisture depletion is most likely in years and sites where rye biomass production is greatest. Consistent production of both food and biomass from corn/winter rye/soybean systems will probably require irrigation in many areas and additional N fertilizer, creating possible environmental concerns. Rye growth limitations in the northern portion of the corn belt may be partially mitigated with aerial seeding of rye into standing corn. Published by Elsevier B.V.
  • Authors:
    • Bhattarai, S. P.
    • Midmore, D. J.
  • Source: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
  • Volume: 51
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Impacts of salinity become severe when the soil is deficient in oxygen. Oxygation (using aerated water for subsurface drip irrigation of crop) could minimize the impact of salinity on plants under oxygen-limiting soil environments. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygation (12% air volume/volume of water) on vegetable soybean (moderately salt tolerant) and cotton (salt tolerant) in a salinized vertisol at 2, 8, 14, 20 dS/m EC e. In vegetable soybean, oxygation increased above ground biomass yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 13% and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Higher yield with oxygation was accompanied by greater plant height and stem diameter and reduced specific leaf area and leaf Na + and Cl - concentrations. In cotton, oxygation increased lint yield and WUE by 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control, and was accompanied by greater canopy light interception, plant height and stem diameter. Oxygation also led to a greater rate of photosynthesis, higher relative water content in the leaf, reduced crop water stress index and lower leaf water potential. It did not, however, affect leaf Na + or Cl - concentration. Oxygation invariably increased, whereas salinity reduced the K +:Na + ratio in the leaves of both species. Oxygation improved yield and WUE performance of salt tolerant and moderately tolerant crops under saline soil environments, and this may have a significant impact for irrigated agriculture where saline soils pose constraints to crop production.
  • Authors:
    • Bolotova, N. S.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 12
  • Year: 2009
  • Summary: Techniques and standards for production of haylage and silage from high-protein fodder mixtures of pea, oat, rape, vetch, barley, beans, rye, wheat and maize are discussed. Plants should be cut into 15-20 mm pieces when the protein content of fodder mixture is over 30%, and into 40-50 mm pieces when the protein content of fodder mixture is less than 20%. Bales of silage mass are wrapped in film and roll size is 1.2 m wide and 0.8-1.6 m in diameter. The high yield of maize, vetch, and oat-rape mixture achievable in the conditions of European Russia is 10.8 t/ha of dry mass and 1.2 t/ha of protein.
  • Authors:
    • Barth, G.
    • Garbuio, F.
    • Caires, E.
  • Source: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
  • Volume: 39
  • Issue: 13/14
  • Year: 2008
  • Summary: Crop residues that are left on the soil surface to serve as mulch can diminish the soybean response to surface application of lime under no-till management by ameliorating soil chemical and physical attributes and the plant nutrition. A field experiment was performed in the period from 2000 through 2003 in Parana State, Brazil, on a clayey-sandy Rhodic Hapludox. Soil chemical attributes and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] nutrition, grain yield, and quality were evaluated after surface application of lime and covering with crop residues of black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and corn ( Zea mays L.) under a no-till system. Dolomitic lime was surface applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t ha -1 on the main plots, and three treatments with vegetable covering were applied on the subplots: (i) without covering, (ii) with covering of corn straw, and (iii) with covering of corn straw and black oat residue (oat-corn-oat). After 30 months, surface-applied lime increased soil pH and the exchangeable calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) levels down to a 10-cm depth, independent of the vegetable covering treatments. The black oat and corn residues on the soil surface increased the soil exchangeable K + level at the 5- to 10-cm depth. Liming increased leaf potassium (K) content and phosphorus (P) content in the soybean grain and reduced leaf zinc (Zn) content and manganese (Mn) content in the soybean leaf and grain. There was no effect of liming on soybean grain, oil, or protein yields, independent of the vegetable residues kept on the soil surface. The treatment with black oat covering and corn straw increased leaf N content, P content in the leaf and grain, and the contents of K, Mg, copper (Cu), and Zn in the soybean grain. It also increased soybean grain and protein yields. The corn straw left at the surface after harvesting was very important to the performance of the no-till soybean.
  • Authors:
    • Zardo Filho, R.
    • Pereira Filho, P.
    • Caires, E.
    • Feldhaus, I.
  • Source: Soil Use and Management
  • Volume: 24
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2008
  • Summary: A 3-year field trial examined in a long-term no-till system the effects of surface-applied lime and cover black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) residues on soil chemical attributes, root growth and grain yield of corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox in Parana State, Brazil. The treatments consisted of dolomitic lime broadcast on the soil surface at 0 or 12 t/ha, with and without cover of black oat residues. Corn and soybeans were grown without rainfall limitation. Applying lime on the surface improved soil acidity and decreased aluminium (Al) toxicity to a 10-cm depth 1 year after application. Surface liming increased pH and the content of exchangeable Ca 2+ to a 20-cm depth, and decreased Al toxicity to a 40- to 60-cm depth, 3 years after application, indicating that the surface-applied lime moved deeper. Cover black oat residues did not favour the mobility of surface-applied lime to alleviate subsoil acidity and an increase in the Al 3+ saturation level at the soil surface was found in unlimed plots with black oat residues. Root growth and grain yields of corn and soybean were not influenced by surface liming with or without cover black oat residue. Despite the soil acidity level, root length of corn and soybean ranged from 55 to 60% at 0- to 10-cm depth. The results suggest that Al toxicity is low in no-till systems during cropping seasons with adequate and well-distributed rainfall, but this effect is not related to the presence of cover oat residues.
  • Authors:
    • Foloni, J. S. S.
    • Rosolem, C. A.
  • Source: REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIA DO SOLO
  • Volume: 32
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2008
  • Summary: An earlier application of potassium fertilizer, in the cultivation of cover crop species preceding the main summer crop in no-tillage system can be an advantageous in commercial farming. This study evaluated grain yield and K accumulation in soyabean due to an earlier application of potassium fertilizer to a pearl millet cover crop, and compared to K applied at sowing of the subsequent soyabean under no-tillage. The experiment was conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil during the 2000/2001, 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing seasons, on a dystroferric red Latosol (sandy loam Oxisol), cultivated with soyabean (summer) in rotation with black oats (winter) under no-till for two years prior to the experiment. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum) was sown in September over the residues of black oat ( Avena strigosa [ Avena nuda]), and soyabean ( Glycine max) was planted in the first weeks of December, in the three growing seasons. The treatments consisted of 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha K 2O doses applied to pearl millet, in combination with 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha K 2O applied to soyabean. Soyabean plants were harvested 25, 50, 75, and 100 days after emergence, and the grains harvested at the end of the experiment in order to determine K accumulation and yield. The early application of 60 to 90 kg/ha K 2O at pearl millet sowing did not affect K accumulation in soyabean plants. Soyabean yields were higher with applications of 80 to 90 kg/ha K 2O, which can be totally applied at pearl millet sowing. The anticipation of the application of KCl at pearl millet sowing reduced K export in soyabean grains.
  • Authors:
    • Bragagnolo, J.
    • Girardello, V.
    • Lanzanova, M.
    • Schneider, S.
    • Amado, T.
    • Nicoloso, R.
  • Source: REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIENCIA DO SOLO
  • Volume: 32
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2008
  • Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a mechanical (chisel plough) and biological (forage radish) soil decompaction method or the combination of both to improve the physical properties of a very clayey texture Oxisol and to increase soyabean grain yield under no-tillage. The treatments were: black oat on no-till (NT-O), consortium of forage radish and black oat on no-till (NT-R+O), black oat on chiselled soil (CH-O) and consortium of forage radish and black oat on chiselled soil (CH-R+O). The following properties were evaluated: soil bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15 and 0.15-0.20 m, soil penetration resistance, soil moisture and soil water infiltration at soyabean flowering. The winter cover biomass production and soyabean yield were also measured. The treatments did not affect the soil bulk density significantly at any of the soil depths. However, the treatments NT-R+O and CH-R+O doubled the mean soil macroporosity values in the 0-0.20 m layer, with more pronounced effects in the upper soil layers. The treatments NT-R+O and CH-R+O reduced soil penetration resistance compared to NT+O, while treatment CH-O had intermediate results. The treatments NTR+O and CH-R+O increased the accumulated infiltrated water by 44.6 as compared to treatments NT-O and CH-O. The highest soyabean yields were observed in the treatment CH-R+O (3.73 tonnes/ha), which did not differ significantly from treatment NT-R+O (3.49 tonnes/ha). The effect of winter mechanical chiseling was temporary and nine months later no soil physical improvements were observed, apart from the increase of total porosity and macroporosity in the 0-0.05 m layer. Biological chiselling increased soil macroporosity, reduced soil penetration resistance and improved soil water infiltration. Mechanical chiselling was only efficient to improve the soil physical conditions when associated with biological chiselling, which prevented soil reconsolidation.
  • Authors:
    • Coelho, S.
    • Rosa, D.
    • Mauli, M.
    • Nobrega, L.
    • Piccolo, G.
  • Source: Central theme, technology for all: sharing the knowledge for development. Proceedings of the International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, XXXVII Brazilian Congress of Agricultural Engineering, International Livestock Environment Symposium - ILES V
  • Year: 2008
  • Summary: It was registered the allelopathic interference of remains of black oat (BO) in a consortium with BO, forage turnip and vetch (CO) in relation to seeds quality and soybean productivity, in interval of one, ten, twenty and thirty days between the covering desiccation with Glyphosate 480 (3 L ha -1) and the cultivar BRS 232 sowing (IDS). The coverings were prepared with plots of 5*2.5 m with 1 m of border, which were desiccated according to the IDS. So, there were four treatments and one control treatment for each covering, randomized with five replications. The soybean was sown with 0.45 m among rows, thirteen lines and 14 seeds by linear meter. The productivity was determined according to water content adjusted to 13%; germination percentage; mass of 100 seeds (m-100); water content and vigor (accelerated aging test). The experimental design was completely randomized, subdivided in parcels and averages were compared by Scott and Knott test at 5% of significance. The cropped soybean under BO presented the best answer for mass of 100 seeds, but when it was cropped under CO, it had the best vigor. Productivity did not differ between BO and CO. The IDS affected m-100 and productivity. IDS, at the first day, increased m-100, but did not reduce productivity. So, it does not recommend the soybean crop near the covering desiccation.