• Authors:
    • Olson, B.
    • Curtis, T.
    • Chanasyk, D.
    • Miller, J.
  • Source: Journal of Environmental Quality
  • Volume: 40
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Application of beef cattle ( Bos taurus) manure based on nitrogen (N) requirements of crops has resulted in elevated concentrations of soil test phosphorus (P) in surface soils, and runoff from this cropland can contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. We conducted a 3-yr field study (2005-2007) on a Lethbridge loam soil cropped to dryland barley ( Hordeum vulgare) in southern Alberta, Canada to evaluate the effect of annual and triennial P-based and annual N-based feedlot manure on P and N in runoff. The manure was spring applied and incorporated. There was one unamended control plot. A portable rainfall simulator was used to generate runoff in the spring of each year after recent manure incorporation, and the runoff was analyzed for total P, total dissolved P, total particulate P, dissolved reactive P, total N, total dissolved N, total particulate N, NO 3-N, and NH 4-N. Annual or triennial P-based application resulted in significantly ( p≤0.05) lower (by 50 to 94%) concentrations or loads of mainly dissolved P fractions in runoff for some years compared with annual N-based application, and this was related to lower rates of annual manure P applied. For example, mean dissolved reactive P concentrations in 2006 and 2007 were significantly lower for the annual P-based (0.12-0.20 mg L -1) than for the annual N-based application (0.24-0.48 mg L -1), and mean values were significantly lower for the triennial P-based (0.06-0.13 mg L -1) than for the annual N-based application. In contrast, other P fractions in runoff were unaffected by annual P-based application. Our findings suggested no environmental benefit of annual P-based application over triennial P-based application with respect to P and N in runoff. Similar concentrations and loads of N fractions in runoff for the P- and N-based applications indicated that shifting to a P-based application would not significantly influence N in runoff.
  • Authors:
    • Bow, J.
    • Muir, J.
  • Source: Agronomy Journal
  • Volume: 103
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: 'Tifton 85' bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.) * C. transvaalensis Burt Davy] is a warm-season forage used on southeastern U.S. dairy concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). Cool-season annual forages need to be identified that can be overseeded into Tifton 85 and remove the greatest quantity of P or N while minimizing suppression of bermudagrass spring regrowth. During 3 yr we overseeded six grass, five legume, and two Brassica spp. on a dairy CAFO Tifton 85 field on a Windthorst fine sandy loam (fine, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalf) containing 83 mg plant-available P kg -1 soil. Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.), barley ( Hordium vulgare L.), oat ( Avena sativa L.), and rye ( Secale cereale L.) yielded the most (entry * year interaction P
  • Authors:
    • Ullrich, S.
    • Knoblauch, M.
    • Nair, S.
    • Baik, B.
  • Source: Journal of Cereal Science
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Kernel hardness, an important quality trait of cereal grains, is known to influence pearling properties and malting quality of barley. To understand the endosperm micro-structural features of kernels and their relationship to kernel hardness, endosperms of three hard and three soft hulled spring barley lines based on single kernel characterization system hardness index were observed under light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Under LM, endosperm cell wall of the three hard kernel lines was significantly thicker than that of the three soft kernel lines. Hard and soft lines showed differences in the degree of starch-protein association and continuity of protein matrix under the SEM. Hard kernel lines with a continuous protein matrix exhibited greater starch-protein adhesion than the soft kernel lines, suggesting that starch-protein binding may be one of the factors influencing barley kernel hardness. SEM of flour particles of soft kernel lines showed numerous well defined individual A and B-type starch granules, while, flour of hard kernel lines mostly showed small flour aggregates with few individual starch granules.
  • Authors:
    • Nidamanuri, R.
    • Zbell, B.
  • Source: Biosystems Engineering
  • Volume: 110
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Spectral library search is emerging as an automated method for exploiting finer spectral details available in hyperspectral remote sensing data. We report on the potential of transferring independent crop spectral libraries for classifying various agricultural crops using airborne hyperspectral image. Spectral libraries constructed from multi-season field reflectance measurements for five agricultural crops (alfalfa, winter barley, winter rape, winter rye, and winter wheat) are used for the per-pixel and per-field classification of HyMAP airborne hyperspectral image by the spectral library search method. Results obtained from this method are compared with the results obtained from the per-field object-oriented, and per-pixel support vector machines (SVM) supervised image classification using image-based training data. Results from the spectral library search approach (best overall accuracy: 82%) exhibit strong correlation with the results obtained from both the object-oriented and SVM-supervised classification approach. However, per-field object-oriented classification shows moderate increase in the classification performance. In spite of significant reduction in the overall accuracy, the resultant overall accuracy of about 82% obtained from the spectral library search is fairly high, given the large spatial and temporal differences maintained between the image data and the field reflectance measurements. Results indicate the existence of a meaningful spectral matching between image and reflectance library spectra for some of the crops considered, showing their potential for transferring reflectance spectral libraries for image classification. Incomplete library coverage and phenological variations are found to be the key issues that influence the prospect of transferring spectral libraries for image classification.
  • Authors:
    • Jelic, M.
    • Zivanovic-Katic, S.
    • Nikolic, O.
  • Source: Herbologia
  • Volume: 12
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The aim of this investigation was to study allelopathic and competitive relationships between weeds and small grains by grain harvest index (GHI) of small grain in order to provide more information about these complex relationships. In the study were included small grains: wheat ( Triticum aestivum), barley ( Hordeum sativum), oat ( Avena sativa L.), triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) and rye ( Secale cereale) and some weed species: Agropyron repens, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis, and Sorghum halepense. Applied extracts of weed species mainly expressed suppressed effect on GHI, but stimulating actions were noticed, too. Positive influence, on GHI was registered at Agropyron repens and Sonchus arvensis variant in wheat and at Agropyron repens segments variant in oat. The most expressive grain harvest index decreasing was noticed in Sinapis arvensis variant, while oat showed the least sensitiveness towards weed presence by GHI aspect. The intensity of competitive relationships between weed species and wheat, considering grain harvest index, depended on sprouting quickness and percentage of studied weed species.
  • Authors:
    • Cabrera, D.
    • Liso, A.
    • Coelho, J.
    • Lopez-Pineiro, A.
    • Nunes, J.
    • Pena, D.
  • Source: Spanish Journal of Rural Development (SJRD)
  • Volume: 2
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: In order to determine the effect of different irrigated crop rotation (1. corn, 2. intensive olive grove (300-400 trees/ha), 3. Corn - barley/oat/wheat (1 or 2 years) sugar beet and 4. Tomato - barley/oat/wheat (1 or 2 years) - Beet) on the organic matter content, pH, electrical conductivity and soil sodicity, we collect and georeferenced 6280 samples from the surface layer of soils (0-20 cm) in the Caia Irrigation Perimeter (located in Elvas and Campo Maior Counties, Portalegre District, Portugal) occupied with those rotations. These samples were mixed in groups of 10, resulting 1 sample, corresponding to an area of 11.1 ha, the one was sent to the laboratory where we proceeded to examine the above parameters. With the use of appropriate software (Geographic Information Systems - GIS), it was possible to correlate these individual soil samples with crop rotations and with the group of soil present (Fluvisols, Luvisols and Calcisols). We found that the use of the abovementioned crop rotations, over about two decades, led to significant differences in soil characteristics, although not always significant from a statistical point of view. The crop rotations using larger water and fertilizers amounts in irrigated crop systems are the ones causing a more evident decrease in soil organic matter and pH and, at the same time, leading to an increase in soil electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium content.
  • Authors:
    • Oberforster, M.
    • Werteker, M.
  • Source: Tagungsband der 61. Jahrestagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzuchter und Saatgutkaufleute Osterreichs, 23-25 November 2010, Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Osterreich. Ertrag vs. Qualitat bei Getreide, Ol und Eiweisspflanzen
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Relations between grain yield and quality parameters of winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and spring barley were analysed. The results are based on the official Austrian VCU trials from 1979/80 to 2009/10 and on trials performed for the Descriptive List of Varieties. With respect to the species the number of trials was between 319 and 514, with a total of 39 (winter rye) to 139 (spring barley) cultivars. Adjusted means were calculated and correlated intervarietaly. In some cases inverse (statistically negative) relations between yield and quality, e.g. protein content, extract yield difference and color of wort of malting barley, fiber content of feed barley, are desired, whereas the significant intervarietal inverse relation of grain yield and protein content of quality wheat ( r=-0.48** in the Pannonian region; -0.53* in humid areas) and normal bread wheat ( r=-0.73** in the Pannonian region; -0.83** in humid areas) represents a challenge for breeders. Protein quality, expressed as sedimentation value and swelling number, as well as kneading and stretching properties of doughs, baking volume and milling properties were less or not at all influenced. In winter and spring barley the breeding progress is accompanied by an increase in thousand kernel weight and better results of the sieving analysis ( r=0.42** to 0.86**). In rye, especially in hybrid rye, a higher grain yield may be combined with a more favourable falling number and viscosity (amylogram).
  • Authors:
    • Honda, K.
    • Ohta, I.
  • Source: Annual Report of the Kansai Plant Protection Society
  • Issue: 53
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Sitobion akebiae is a promising alternative host aphid using a banker-plant system of Aphidius gifuensis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of host plant species and varieties on population growth of S. akebiae. Barley, wheat, oats and rye were tested in this study. The population increase of S. akebiae were lower on seedlings of the barley variety 'Shunrai' than other plants. But S. akebiae successfully increased on the matured plants with ears of 'Shunrai'. These results suggest that young seedlings of the barley 'Shunrai' should be useless for host plants of S. akebiae.
  • Authors:
    • Postolache, A.
  • Source: Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi
  • Volume: 54
  • Issue: 2
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: Consumption needs for agricultural and food products evolve with the economic and social development. Providing optimum standards of food consumption is a difficult problem because of influences of different factors, including diversity and mobility needs of the consumer and the great variety of possibilities to meet them. For local producers to compete with producers of other districts and particularly those of foreign markets with competitive bidding, local producers must be to develop new elements of competitiveness (Brands, marketing innovations, supply services, adapting to the single market, major investment efforts, etc.). And adapt quality standards in production and marketing. This paper aims to analyze the results of the production of cereal grains in related communities perirbane area of Iasi in the period 2009-2011 as well as highlighting research on culture and territorial distribution of cereal grains in the same area. The analyze of the indicator' system pointed out that in Iasi, corn is the best profitable culture, followed by: barley, wheat, rye and oat.
  • Authors:
    • Fomitcheva, V.
    • Rabenstein, F.
  • Source: Journal fur Kulturpflanzen
  • Volume: 63
  • Issue: 3
  • Year: 2011
  • Summary: The production of winter barley in Germany is threatened by a number of insect- and fungus-transmitted viruses. The situation is now worsened by the discovery of a new soil-borne virus. It was isolated from barley varieties possessing resistance to viruses of the barley yellow mosaic disease complex. The new virus has two sizes of rod-shaped virions that measure about 180 nm and 300 nm in length and 20 nm in diameter and can be decorated by immunogold labeling using selected furovirus-specific antibodies. Based on results of serological tests and preliminary molecular analysis, the new barley virus was closely related to isolates of Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus or Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, two viruses hitherto only isolated in Germany from rye, triticale and winter wheat but never from winter barley. Further investigations will focus on the geographic distribution and relative importance of the new furovirus in Germany and on its identity to similar furoviruses isolated from barley in France and Japan.