• Authors:
    • Allen, S. E.
    • Desmarchelier, J. M.
    • Ren, Y. L.
    • Weller, G. L.
  • Source: Technical report (CSIRO (Australia). Division of Entomology), no. 93.
  • Issue: 93
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: The efficacy of ethyl formate (EF) against insect pests on barley, oat and rape grains was evaluated. EF at 90 g/t was applied as a solution of ethyl formate in water (4%, w/w) and sprayed onto rape and oat grains during inloading. For barley, EF solution was sprayed into the inloading chute. Intergranular concentrations of EF declined rapidly after fumigation. Residue levels in commodities declined to the control (untreated) level within 4 weeks at grain temperatures of approximately 20C without forced aeration. Air samples were taken at head height at various distances downwind from the base of the silos during fumigation and outloading. The levels of EF measured were
  • Authors:
    • Ostergard, H.
    • Pedersen, S.
    • Kjellsson, G.
    • Holm, P. B.
    • Gylling, M.
    • Buus, M.
    • Boelt, B.
    • Andersen, S. B.
    • Tolstrup, K.
    • Mikkelsen, S. A.
  • Source: DIAS Report, Plant Production
  • Issue: 94
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: The paper focuses on the possible sources of dispersal (cross pollination, seed dispersal, vegetative dispersal, dispersal by farming machinery, dispersal during handling and transport) from genetically modified crop production to conventional and organic production, the extent of dispersal and the need for control measures, and the possible control measures for ensuring the co-existence of genetically modified production with conventional and organic production systems. Specific sections are provided on the crops currently genetically modified in Denmark or likely to be within the next few years (oilseed rape, maize, beet, potatoes, barley, wheat, triticale, oats, rye, forage and amenity grasses, grassland legumes, field peas, faba beans and lupins, and vegetable seeds). Brief discussions on the legislation, seed production, monitoring and analytical methods used, and measures to ensure crop purity (such as reducing pollen dispersal, reducing seed dispersal, adopting cultural methods reducing pollen and seed dispersal) are also presented.
  • Authors:
    • Soon, Y. K.
    • O'Donovan, J. T.
    • Drabble, J. C.
    • Darwent, A. L.
    • Milis, P. F.
    • Clayton, G. W.
    • Rice, W. A.
  • Source: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
  • Volume: 83
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: A study was conducted on the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Farm, Beaverlodge, Alberta, to compare nine cropping systems in relation to productivity and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control. The nine cropping systems consisted of three crop rotations and three levels of banded N fertilizer. Each cropping system had its own regime of tillage and weed control. One of the rotations consisted of mechanical fallow, along with canola (Brassica rapa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Trificum aestivum L.), while the other two rotations consisted of the same annual crops, but with either flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plowdown with partial fallow substituted for mechanical fallow. The three rates of banded N fertilizer were 0, 75 and 150% of recommended, based on soil tests and provincial recommendations. From 1991 to 1994, cropping systems with mechanical fallow and fall tillage after annual crops produced 24% higher total seed yields than cropping systems with no fall tillage after annual crops and either continuous annual crops or red clover plowdown. Increasing the rate of banded N fertilizer from 0 to 75% of recommended increased total crop seed yields but a further increase from 75 to 150% had no significant effect. Although cropping systems with mechanical fallow had an advantage over other cropping systems, the effect of crop sequencing and yearly weather conditions on total crop seed yields was greater than the effect of cropping systems. Wild oat populations varied greatly with year, but the ease of management was greater in cropping systems with the mechanical fallow than in other cropping systems. Wild oat density increased when diclofop or difenzoquat performed inadequately or when poor red clover establishment allowed populations to increase. Reductions in wild oat populations appeared to be largely due to the consistent effectiveness of sethoxydim.
  • Authors:
    • Sabirov, A. M.
    • Gareev, R. G.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: In studies in the Kazan' region of Russia in 1995-99, the optimal rate of sowing barley as a cover crop for spring rape was found to be 2.5 million germinated seeds/ha (50% sowing rate), while for oats the sowing rate ranged between 50 and 75%. At these rates, the germination of spring rape was no less than 86%, with survival no less than 68%.
  • Authors:
    • Crawford, M.
    • Ransom, K.
    • Hirth, J.
    • Harris, R.
    • Naji, R.
  • Source: Solutions for a better environment: Proceedings of the 11th Australian Agronomy Conference, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, 2-6 February 2003
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Companion cropping (also known as intercropping) of lucerne involves sowing an annual crop into an existing lucerne stand. A sample of eight farmers from north central Victoria, Australia, who currently companion crop, were interviewed to document the impact of this practice on grain production, and to determine why and how they used this approach in their farming system. All eight farmers companion cropped lucerne to produce grain for either human or livestock consumption. Wheat, barley, oat and triticale were most commonly sown into lucerne stands, with rape less frequently companion cropped. Most companion-cropped stands of lucerne were either winter-active or highly winter-active cultivars and most had densities of 10-30 plants/m 2. They were commonly 9-12 months old, although some stands up to 10 years old were successfully companion cropped. Sowing rates of the annual crop were generally greater than those used in conventional monoculture cropping, and most farmers sowed diagonally across existing lucerne rows. Most interviewed farmers adopted companion cropping because of perceived better economic returns from cropping rather than grazing their second-year stands of lucerne, which then became more persistent and productive stands for future grazing. Farmers who companion cropped into mature stands aimed to maintain year-round plant transpiration to minimize the impact of their cropping practices on local groundwater systems, through a better hydrologic balance between the rainfall and their vegetation. Decreased grain yields from companion-cropped crops were common, and were estimated to be 10 to 80% of those obtained in the absence of lucerne. The magnitude of the yield decreases appeared to be most strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. The use of herbicides for in-crop lucerne suppression was perceived to enhance grain quality by slowing lucerne growth over the late winter-spring period, thereby reducing lucerne seed and herbage contamination at harvest. As seasonal and soil water conditions critically influenced the success of herbicide applications, specialist advice was often sought.
  • Authors:
    • UK, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB)
  • Source: Pocket guide to varieties of cereals, oilseeds & pulses for autumn 2003
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: This edition presents information on the autumn sown varieties of wheat, barley, oats, triticale, rye, durum wheat, oilseed rape, linseed, peas and beans. Individual information on each variety is given, including variety notes, yield performance, relative ranking position in different environments and a summary of the important character ratings from the Recommended Lists.
  • Authors:
    • Abramov, A. F.
  • Source: Kormoproizvodstvo
  • Issue: 7
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: On the basis of biochemical analyses, the types of fodder and the fodder plants that can be produced under the severe environmental conditions of Yakutia in north-east Russia are discussed. Suitable species include oats, barley, rye, sunflower, rape, peas, lucerne and sweet clover [ Melilotus], while the fodders that can be produced include silage, haylage, meal produced from the green matter of cereals and grasses, combined fodders and fodder mixtures.
  • Authors:
    • Kirkland, K. J.
    • Beckie, H. J.
  • Source: Weed Technology
  • Volume: 17
  • Issue: 1
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: Model simulations predict that lowering herbicide efficacy by reducing the application rate would slow the rate of enrichment of herbicide-resistant individuals in a weed population, but the resulting increase in density of susceptible plants would reduce crop yield and increase the weed seed bank. A study was conducted at three sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1997 to 2000 to examine the implication of reduced rates of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors in a diverse 4-yr crop rotation, in conjunction with variable crop seeding rates, on the enrichment of resistant wild oat in a mixed (resistant and susceptible) population. Main-plot treatments were crop (barley, canola, field pea, and spring wheat), subplot treatments were crop seeding rate (recommended and high), and sub-subplot treatments were ACCase inhibitor rate (0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0 times the recommended rate). Herbicide rate frequently interacted with seeding rate in affecting wild oat seedling density, seed return, the viable fraction of the weed seed bank, and crop seed yield. As simulation models predict, reduced herbicide efficacy decreased the proportion of resistant individuals in the population. The high crop seeding rate compensated for a one-third reduction in herbicide rate by limiting total wild oat seed return and by reducing the number of resistant seedlings recruited from the seed bank. The level of resistance in the seed bank can be reduced without increasing the total (resistant plus susceptible) seed bank population by manipulating agronomic practices to increase crop competitiveness against wild oat when ACCase inhibitor rates are reduced to a maximum of two-thirds of that recommended.
  • Authors:
    • Fielding, D. J.
    • Begna, S. H.
  • Source: Journal of Economic Entomology
  • Volume: 96
  • Issue: 4
  • Year: 2003
  • Summary: We characterized the type and extent of grasshopper injury to above- and below-ground plant parts for four crops, i.e. barley ( Hordeum vulgare), oats ( Avena sativa), wheat ( Triticum aestivum), and canola [turnip rape] ( Brassica campestris [ B. campestris var. oleifera]), commonly grown, or with potential to grow, in central Alaska, USA. Cages were placed on 48 pots containing plants in second to third leaf stages and stocked with 0, 2, 4, and 6 first-instar Melanoplus sanguinipes pot -1. Plants were harvested 22 days after planting. Stem growth of barley and oats was not affected except at the highest grasshopper treatment. In rape, stem biomass was reduced at the medium and high grasshopper treatments, when most of the leaves had been consumed. The highest grasshopper treatment reduced leaf area in barley and oats by ~55%, and caused a significant reduction in dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots (41-72%). Wheat and canola plants were smaller than barley and oats across all treatments and, at the highest grasshopper density, above-ground portions of wheat and canola were completely destroyed. Length and surface area of roots of barley and oats were reduced by 20-28% again at the highest grasshopper density, whereas the reduction for wheat and canola ranged from 50 to 90%. There was little or no difference among all grasshopper densities for C:N ratio in leaf and stem tissues of all crops. The results suggest that wheat and canola are more susceptible than barley and oats and that densities ≥2 pot -1 (~≥50 m -2) of even very small grasshoppers could cause significant damage in small-grain and oilseed crop production.
  • Authors:
    • Marland, G.
    • West, T. O.
  • Source: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
  • Volume: 91
  • Issue: 1-3
  • Year: 2002
  • Summary: The atmospheric CO2 concentration is increasing, due primarily to fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation. Sequestering atmospheric C in agricultural soils is being advocated as a possibility to partially offset fossil-fuel emissions. Sequestering C in agriculture requires a change in management practices, i.e. efficient use of pesticides, irrigation, and farm machinery. The C emissions associated with a change in practices have not traditionally been incorporated comprehensively into C sequestration analyses. A full C cycle analysis has been completed for agricultural inputs, resulting in estimates of net C flux for three crop types across three tillage intensities. The full C cycle analysis includes estimates of energy use and C emissions for primary fuels, electricity, fertilizers, lime, pesticides, irrigation, seed production, and farm machinery. Total C emissions values were used in conjunction with C sequestration estimates to model net C flux to the atmosphere over time. Based on US average crop inputs, no-till emitted less CO2 from agricultural operations than did conventional tillage, with 137 and 168 kg C ha(-1) per year, respectively. Changing from conventional tillage to no-till is therefore estimated to both enhance C sequestration and decrease CO2 emissions. While the enhanced C sequestration will continue for a finite time, the reduction in net CO2 flux to the atmosphere, caused by the reduced fossil-fuel use, can continue indefinitely, as long as the alternative practice is continued. Estimates of net C flux, which are based on US average inputs, will vary across crop type and different climate regimes. The C coefficients calculated for agricultural inputs can be used to estimate C emissions and net C flux on a site-specific basis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.